Pin child netns before `trio` spawn checkpoints

Pin the calling task's current netns when `bindspace` is omitted
on Linux/Trio. Retain the scope through child startup so a reused
subprocess worker cannot select a different namespace.

Pass the child-owned FD with its expected device and inode. Check
both before entry, skip `setns()` for an already-current namespace,
and release the transferred FD before runtime setup. Require a
live integer FD for every `Bindspace`.

Add canonical `parent_addr` and `registry_addrs` spawn inputs.
Require an explicit parent to name a live listener and keep each
child's registrar selection in its own `SpawnSpec` and runtime
snapshot, preserving supervisor and sibling inheritance.

Drop async root `bindspace=` entry; retain MP rejection of explicit
bindspaces. Cover real UDS cross-netns bootstrap, stale workers,
concurrent FD borrowers, registrar isolation, and failed starts.

(this patch was generated in some part by `Codex` using `GPT-6`
(`openai`))

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260827T232500Z_d067505a_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: tractor-addr-unpacking
+timestamp: 2026-08-27T23:25:00Z
+git_ref: d067505a
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260827T232500Z_d067505a_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+After committing the reviewed bindspace-reference changes, the human
+asked to continue with the next Layer C increment.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Added the private Linux network-namespace entry primitive required by
+future child bootstrap wiring. It verifies the inherited capability
+before `setns()`, constrains entry to network namespaces, and verifies
+the resulting process namespace before runtime initialization proceeds.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/spawn/_netns.py` - synchronous verified netns entry.
+- `tests/test_netns_spawn.py` - stale-FD, syscall and post-entry guards.
+- `ai/tpt-backends/03_wg_tunnel_bindspace.md` - primitive ownership and
+  remaining integration boundary.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human requested the next incremental implementation after accepting
+the prior split commits. Their established preference for end-to-end
+tests informed use of real FDs where possible; only privileged `setns()`
+and procfs observation are replaced to keep the suite unprivileged. In
+staged review, the human requested the full project license header,
+explicit comments on both intentional inode mismatches, and independent
+call traces proving both fake syscall and procfs hooks execute. The
+agent applied those human-directed revisions; no direct manual source
+edits were observed.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260827T232500Z_d067505a_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-27T23:25:00Z
+git_ref: d067505a
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+# Raw output - verify pre-runtime netns entry
+
+After committing realized bindspace references and their deferred codec
+plan, the human requested the next Layer C increment.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/spawn/_netns.py tests/test_netns_spawn.py ai/tpt-backends/03_wg_tunnel_bindspace.md`
+
+Added a private synchronous `enter_netns()` bootstrap primitive. It
+validates the inherited FD and expected inode, constrains `setns()` to
+`CLONE_NEWNET`, verifies `/proc/self/ns/net` afterward, and leaves FD
+closure to the future spawn-bootstrap caller.
+
+Tests use real stand-in FDs while replacing only the privileged syscall
+and post-entry procfs observation. They prove stale FDs fail before
+entry, the syscall receives the exact namespace type, and bootstrap
+rejects an unexpected post-entry namespace. Ruff and all three focused
+tests passed.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260828T012205Z_9ae7cd86_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: wg-netns-bootstrap-entry
+timestamp: 2026-08-28T01:22:05Z
+git_ref: 9ae7cd86
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260828T012205Z_9ae7cd86_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+After completing and auditing the stacked rebase, the human approved
+the next WireGuard Layer C slice: integrate the verified network
+namespace entry primitive into child spawn bootstrap.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Wire an optional child-owned namespace FD and expected inode into both
+child entrypoints. Keep namespace entry and FD closure synchronous and
+ordered before actor runtime initialization, while deliberately
+deferring backend FD transport and public API plumbing.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/spawn/_entry.py` - enter and release an optional inherited
+  namespace capability before multiprocessing child runtime startup.
+- `tractor/_child.py` - consume the capability at the start of the
+  Trio child bootloader, before patching or actor construction.
+- `tests/test_netns_spawn.py` - prove entry ordering, failure isolation,
+  and exact FD ownership for both child entrypoints.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human selected spawn-time namespace integration as the next work
+slice and authorized implementation. No direct manual source edits
+were observed during generation.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260828T012205Z_9ae7cd86_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-28T01:22:05Z
+git_ref: 9ae7cd86
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+# Raw output - enter inherited netns during child bootstrap
+
+The human asked to continue the WireGuard Layer C implementation after
+the rebased branch landed the verified `spawn._netns.enter_netns()`
+primitive.
+
+## Generated code
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/_child.py tractor/spawn/_entry.py tests/test_netns_spawn.py`
+
+Add one optional atomic `(namespace_fd, expected_inode)` bootstrap
+capability to the multiprocessing entrypoint and Trio child bootloader.
+Enter and verify the namespace before Trio patching, actor construction,
+runtime state, logging, Trio startup, parent connection, sockets, or
+worker threads, then close the child-owned inherited FD before
+continuing.
+
+Add privilege-free direct-entrypoint tests using real stand-in FDs and
+a fake namespace syscall boundary. Cover helper-level no-op behavior,
+successful entry ordering, exact FD closure, malformed-FD isolation,
+primary-error preservation, and failure cleanup for both child
+bootstrap paths.
+
+## Scope boundary
+
+This increment does not transfer FDs through spawn backends or expose a
+public actor API. Backend-specific FD duplication, bootstrap failure
+reporting, and root-process namespace entry remain follow-up work.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260828T045119Z_fb6d81d3_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: trio-pre-handshake-child-death
+timestamp: 2026-08-28T04:51:19Z
+git_ref: fb6d81d3
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260828T045119Z_fb6d81d3_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+The human approved the next WireGuard Layer C implementation step after
+committing child-side network namespace bootstrap.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Restore and harden the boot-race design originally implemented by
+`3b0724eba85b4014170ed95773e1e41a60d5c513` before transferring
+namespace FDs. Race the initial peer handshake against child-process
+death so a pre-connection bootstrap failure surfaces instead of
+parking `ActorNursery.start_actor()` forever.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/spawn/_spawn.py` - provide the generic handshake/process
+  death race.
+- `tractor/spawn/_trio.py` - use the race during Trio child startup.
+- `tests/test_spawning.py` - cover handshake-first and death-first
+  schedules, simultaneous outcomes, waiter errors, and backend cleanup.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human approved continued Layer C implementation. The agent narrowed
+the next slice to failure detection after analysis showed FD transfer
+would otherwise introduce a parent hang. The human then identified the
+earlier `wait_for_peer_or_proc_death()` implementation and required
+explicit credit; the source docstring and commit message now cite its
+original commit rather than a later cherry-pick. The human directly
+reflowed `_trio.py` to the project line limit and normalized nearby
+quotes. The human also required naming the race helper in its lifecycle
+comment, explicit `trio.Cancelled` handling in waiter tests, expected
+cancellation diagnostics, and a `trio.Process`-constrained test double.
+After mainline portability verification, the human chose to commit the
+fix on the current WireGuard branch and require its cherry-pick onto
+`main` as a blocker in the eventual WireGuard pull request.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260828T045119Z_fb6d81d3_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-28T04:51:19Z
+git_ref: fb6d81d3
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+# Raw output - detect child death before parent handshake
+
+The human asked to continue WireGuard Layer C after child entrypoints
+learned to consume inherited network namespace capabilities.
+
+## Generated code
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/spawn/_spawn.py tractor/spawn/_trio.py tests/test_spawning.py`
+
+Race a spawned child's initial parent handshake against its process
+wait operation. Return the established channel when the handshake wins;
+raise `ActorFailure` with the exit status when the process dies first.
+Use the race in the Trio exec backend instead of waiting indefinitely
+on `IPCServer.wait_for_peer()`.
+
+Add deterministic Trio tests for handshake-first, death-first,
+simultaneous, and waiter-error schedules, controlling readiness with
+events rather than sleeps. Exercise the full Trio backend with a fake
+dead process to prove pre-publication event registration and exact
+failed-startup cleanup.
+
+## Scope boundary
+
+This prerequisite prevents pre-connection namespace-entry failures
+from hanging their parent. Namespace FD transfer itself remains the
+next commit.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260828T172943Z_2ca8c570_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: trio-bindspace-fd-transport
+timestamp: 2026-08-28T17:29:43Z
+git_ref: 2ca8c570
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260828T172943Z_2ca8c570_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+After committing generic pre-handshake child-death detection, the human
+approved the proposed next Layer C slice: transport a live bindspace
+capability through the Trio spawn backend.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Plumb an optional process-local `Bindspace` through actor spawn APIs.
+Give a Trio exec child its own inherited namespace descriptor, preserve
+existing caller `pass_fds`, transport the FD/inode pair through the CLI,
+and close the temporary parent descriptor on every open-process outcome.
+Reject unsupported multiprocessing transport explicitly. Exercise the
+complete Trio path with a real actor that enters a distinct network
+namespace and reports its namespace and inherited-FD inodes over RPC.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/runtime/_supervise.py` - accept and relay a child bindspace.
+- `tractor/to_actor/_api.py` - expose bindspace spawn configuration.
+- `tractor/spawn/_spawn.py` - relay the bindspace to spawn backends.
+- `tractor/spawn/_trio.py` - duplicate, transfer, and close the FD.
+- `tractor/spawn/_mp.py` - reject unsupported MP transport.
+- `tractor/_child.py` - parse and forward the atomic CLI capability.
+- `tests/test_netns_spawn.py` - cover transport and cleanup schedules.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human approved the Trio-first transport boundary after reviewing
+the proposed dependency order, then supplied staged-diff comments across
+multiple review passes. Human-directed revisions replaced abstract
+ownership wording with concrete FD and process terminology, clarified
+descriptor cleanup, preserved existing `pass_fds` explicitly, and
+replaced the mocked success-path test with a real child actor, real
+`setns()`, handshake, and RPC round trip inside unprivileged user/network
+namespaces. Follow-up review added direct parent FD-table verification
+that the temporary child-bound duplicate is closed after successful
+spawn.
+
+Multiprocessing FD reduction and root-process namespace entry remain
+separate follow-up slices. No direct manual source edits were observed;
+the review-driven source revisions were applied by the agent.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260828T172943Z_2ca8c570_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-28T17:29:43Z
+git_ref: 2ca8c570
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+# Raw output - transport bindspace FD through Trio spawn
+
+The human approved the next WireGuard Layer C increment after landing
+pre-handshake child-death detection.
+
+## Generated code
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/_child.py tractor/runtime/_supervise.py tractor/spawn/_spawn.py tractor/spawn/_trio.py tractor/spawn/_mp.py tractor/to_actor/_api.py tests/test_netns_spawn.py`
+
+Thread an optional live `Bindspace` through actor spawn APIs. For the
+Trio backend, duplicate its namespace FD, append that temporary
+descriptor to existing `pass_fds`, and send the atomic descriptor/inode
+pair through the child CLI. Close the parent temporary duplicate as
+soon as `open_process()` returns, raises, or is cancelled, while the
+child consumes its inherited descriptor before runtime startup.
+
+Reject bindspace transport explicitly in multiprocessing backends until
+their descriptor-reduction slice is implemented. Add privilege-free
+tests for CLI forwarding, merged pass-FD state, caller immutability,
+source/duplicate ownership, exec failure, cancellation, absent live
+authority, death-before-handshake cleanup, and MP rejection.
+
+## Scope boundary
+
+Multiprocessing FD reduction and root-process namespace entry remain
+follow-up work.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260830T025201Z_b1f6ade8_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: tractor-net-api-extraction
+timestamp: 2026-08-30T02:52:01Z
+git_ref: b1f6ade8
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260830T025201Z_b1f6ade8_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+After rebasing the WireGuard Layer C stack, the human questioned the
+placement of bindspace APIs under `tractor.discovery`, considered new
+public package names, selected `tractor.net`, and authorized the
+implementation.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Extracted bindspace and tunnel implementations into a lazy
+`tractor.net` package. Moved public multiaddr, bindspace, tunnel, and
+WireGuard symbols out of `tractor.discovery`, updated internal imports,
+tests, examples, and documentation, and added cold-import regressions
+that keep optional networking dependencies off the root import path.
+Current-netns attachment pins `/proc/thread-self/ns/net` so calls from
+non-leader threads retain the caller's namespace rather than the process
+leader's.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/net/` - lazy public network API and implementation modules.
+- `tractor/discovery/` - retain actor discovery and internal address parsing.
+- `tractor/__init__.py` - expose `tractor.net` lazily.
+- `tests/net/` - network declaration and lifecycle coverage.
+- `tests/test_lazy_imports.py` - enforce the lazy package boundary.
+- `examples/multihost/wg_lan/` - use the public network package.
+- `docs/` - document network APIs separately from actor discovery.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human rejected `tractor.discovery` as the long-term public home,
+considered tunnel- and namespace-specific alternatives, and selected
+the broader `tractor.net` boundary because bindspaces may include plain
+netns, WireGuard, VRF, veth, and later network resources. The agent
+applied the resulting source changes; no direct manual edits were
+observed.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260830T025201Z_b1f6ade8_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-30T02:52:01Z
+git_ref: b1f6ade8
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+# Raw output - extract public network APIs
+
+The human questioned whether bindspace and WireGuard lifecycle APIs
+belonged under actor discovery, selected the proposed `tractor.net`
+boundary, and authorized implementation.
+
+## Generated code
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/net tractor/discovery tractor/__init__.py`
+
+Move bindspace and tunnel implementations into a lazy public network
+package. Keep actor discovery focused on registry and lookup behavior,
+while exposing bindspace, tunnel, WireGuard, and multiaddr declarations
+through `tractor.net` without loading optional networking dependencies
+during `import tractor`.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tests/net tests/test_lazy_imports.py tests/ipc examples/multihost/wg_lan docs`
+
+Move network-focused tests to `tests/net`, update internal and public
+imports, verify lazy symbol resolution and removed discovery exports,
+and document the new package boundary.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260830T025202Z_b1f6ade8_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: root-bindspace-bootstrap
+timestamp: 2026-08-30T02:52:02Z
+git_ref: b1f6ade8
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260830T025202Z_b1f6ade8_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+The human chose to defer multiprocessing bindspace FD transport because
+that backend may be removed, selected root/single-actor namespace
+bootstrap as the next stage, approved caller-thread restoration and
+public `tractor.net.open_wg_bindspace()` composition, and authorized
+implementation after the stack rebase.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Added `bindspace=` to `tractor.open_root_actor()`. Root startup now
+duplicates and validates the live namespace FD, enters before any
+debugger, registry, IPC, or actor-runtime work, and synchronously
+restores the caller thread's original namespace after complete root
+teardown. Added deterministic failure/cancellation coverage, a real UDS
+root actor E2E across two network namespaces, and an executable public
+WireGuard-bindspace/root composition regression. Bound roots reject the
+persistent `mp_forkserver` backend because a helper from an earlier
+runtime may retain a stale namespace; the public annotation also remains
+runtime-resolvable without importing `tractor.net` eagerly.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/_root.py` - public root bindspace lifecycle integration.
+- `tractor/spawn/_netns.py` - temporary thread-local netns enter/restore.
+- `tests/test_netns_spawn.py` - deterministic and real root regressions.
+- `tests/net/test_wg_iface_lifecycle.py` - public root composition test.
+- `docs/api/net.rst` - root ownership and restoration contract.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human explicitly deferred multiprocessing support, selected root
+bootstrap as the next implementation stage, approved the requirement to
+restore the caller's original namespace so owned teardown can complete,
+and approved composition through public `tractor.net` contexts rather
+than a new one-shot convenience API. The human later rewrote
+`_enter_netns_temporarily()` to separate restoration from FD cleanup and
+make the transition flow easier to inspect. The agent retained that
+intent with nested lexical FD ownership while fixing setup-error masking,
+conditional restoration, and duplicate-FD cleanup found during the
+requested audit.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260830T025202Z_b1f6ade8_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+model: gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-30T02:52:02Z
+git_ref: b1f6ade8
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+# Raw output - bootstrap the root actor in a bindspace
+
+The human deferred multiprocessing descriptor transport, selected root
+namespace bootstrap as the next Layer C stage, approved enter/restore
+semantics and public `tractor.net` composition, and authorized
+implementation.
+
+## Generated code
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/_root.py tractor/spawn/_netns.py`
+
+Add an optional realized `Bindspace` to `open_root_actor()`. Duplicate
+its namespace FD, enter before debugger, registry, IPC, or runtime
+startup, and restore the caller thread's original namespace after root
+teardown. Preserve caller FD ownership and primary errors across
+restoration and close failures.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tests/test_netns_spawn.py tests/net/test_wg_iface_lifecycle.py docs/api/net.rst`
+
+Exercise same-netns behavior, body errors, cancellation, restoration
+failures, missing and closed FDs, real root entry/restoration under an
+unprivileged user namespace, and public WireGuard-bindspace/root
+composition.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260903T201530Z_d097090f_discovery_types.md

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: dependency-neutral-discovery-types
+timestamp: 2026-09-03T20:15:30Z
+git_ref: d097090f
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260903T201530Z_d097090f_discovery_types.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+The maintainer rejected annotation-only model names rebound to `Any`,
+questioned the self-referential `get_type_hints()` regression, selected a
+dependency-neutral `tractor.discovery.types` module as the preferred
+direction, and then requested implementation of that first design layer.
+
+The maintainer separately asked how to handle the disliked staged
+`tractor/net/_bootstrap.py` implementation. That file was excluded from
+this implementation boundary and retained as review evidence.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Added a dependency-neutral module for canonical primitive address
+descriptors and separate structural contracts for concrete transport
+addresses and tunnel-capable address declarations. Migrated discovery,
+IPC, root, runtime, and tunnel annotations to import those real types,
+removing every runtime model-name assignment to `Any`.
+
+Kept parser table aliases beside `parse_endpoints()` instead of turning
+the new module into a general alias registry. Kept transport-specific
+factories on TCP and UDS classes because their accepted descriptor and
+bindspace types differ. Replaced the old `get_type_hints()` assertions
+with cold-import and canonical-identity coverage.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/discovery/types.py` - dependency-neutral descriptors and
+  address protocols.
+- `tractor/discovery/_addr.py` - imports and re-exports canonical types;
+  retains concrete factory registry.
+- `tractor/discovery/_multiaddr.py` - uses the structural declaration
+  type and runtime-safe parsed table alias.
+- `tractor/ipc/_tcp.py` - imports the real TCP descriptor alias.
+- `tractor/ipc/_uds.py` - imports the real Unix descriptor alias.
+- `tractor/ipc/_transport.py` - imports the concrete-address protocol
+  without cycling through `_addr`.
+- `tractor/ipc/_chan.py` - accepts structural address declarations
+  without a `TunnelledAddress = Any` fallback.
+- `tractor/ipc/_server.py` - retains declaration metadata structurally
+  and routes reconstruction through the concrete address registry.
+- `tractor/net/_tunnel.py` - imports real dependency-neutral address
+  types while retaining dynamic `Any` only for external netlink data.
+- `tractor/_root.py` - removes the `Bindspace = Any` fallback and uses
+  concrete address-factory dispatch.
+- `tractor/runtime/_runtime.py` - infers concrete registry address types
+  for random listener allocation.
+- `tests/test_lazy_imports.py` - replaces workaround introspection with
+  dependency and canonical-identity checks.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The maintainer identified the `Any` aliases and their introspection test
+as an unjustified circular contract, directed investigation of the real
+cycle/import-performance cause, selected `tractor.discovery.types`, and
+approved beginning implementation. The maintainer also required that the
+current bootstrap implementation not be treated as acceptable design and
+provided direct review annotations which remain preserved in the
+worktree.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260903T201530Z_d097090f_discovery_types.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-09-03T20:15:30Z
+git_ref: d097090f
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+Implemented a dependency-neutral discovery typing layer after reviewing
+the address, transport, tunnel, and lazy-import dependency graph.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/discovery/types.py tractor/discovery/_addr.py tractor/discovery/_multiaddr.py tractor/ipc/_tcp.py tractor/ipc/_uds.py tractor/ipc/_transport.py tractor/ipc/_chan.py tractor/ipc/_server.py tractor/net/_tunnel.py tractor/_root.py tractor/runtime/_runtime.py tests/test_lazy_imports.py`
+
+The generated changes move primitive address descriptors and structural
+address protocols into `tractor.discovery.types`. Concrete transport
+factories remain outside the shared protocol because TCP and UDS accept
+different descriptor and bindspace inputs. Runtime names are no longer
+rebound to `Any` merely to satisfy `typing.get_type_hints()`.
+
+The old annotation-introspection regression was replaced with coverage
+that checks dependency-neutral cold imports and canonical type identity
+across discovery, IPC, and tunnel modules.
+
+Verification completed with the worktree-local Python 3.13 environment:
+
+- focused address/lazy/tunnel coverage: 69 passed;
+- discovery, IPC, and local coverage: 77 passed, 2 xpassed;
+- root/runtime coverage: 6 passed with 24 multiprocessing fork
+  deprecation warnings.
+
+Ruff was unavailable in the existing `py313` environment. Scoped
+`git diff --check` passed. The global whitespace check reports only a
+pre-existing maintainer annotation in `tractor/net/_bootstrap.py`, which
+was deliberately left untouched.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260907T011533Z_5966e8aa_frozen_process_local.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: ses_fa04e8396ffeEUnWUrYF734CSM
+timestamp: 2026-09-07T01:15:33Z
+git_ref: 5966e8aa
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260907T011533Z_5966e8aa_frozen_process_local.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+After landing the dependency-neutral discovery typing layer, the
+maintainer approved isolating `FrozenProcessLocal` as the next clean
+prerequisite before revisiting bindspace and bootstrap design.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Added and publicly exported the immutable process-local marker. Moved
+its behavioral coverage out of dependence on bootstrap models by adding
+focused test structs and regressions to the existing process-local test
+module. The tests demonstrate default wire rejection, frozen struct
+fields, shallow nested mutability, rejection of sentinel replacement and
+`omit_defaults=True`, and guarded subclass validation hooks which cannot
+replace the sentinel.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/msg/_local.py` - immutable process-local marker.
+- `tractor/msg/__init__.py` - public marker export.
+- `tests/msg/test_process_local.py` - independent marker contract.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The maintainer rejected incremental salvage of the current bootstrap
+planner, approved `FrozenProcessLocal` as an independent prerequisite,
+and directed implementation before the bindspace re-evaluation. Existing
+bootstrap review annotations and artifacts remain untouched.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260907T011533Z_5966e8aa_frozen_process_local.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-09-07T01:15:33Z
+git_ref: 5966e8aa
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+Implemented `FrozenProcessLocal` as an independent prerequisite rather
+than coupling its contract to the rejected bootstrap planner.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/msg/_local.py tractor/msg/__init__.py tests/msg/test_process_local.py`
+
+The marker inherits `ProcessLocal` wire rejection and msgspec's frozen
+field behavior. It is exported from `tractor.msg`, while focused tests
+prove direct and nested encoding rejection, field immutability, and the
+intentional shallow treatment of referenced mutable values.
+
+Construction now rejects sentinel replacement and `omit_defaults=True`,
+and wraps subclass validation hooks with checks before and after their
+execution so they cannot skip or replace the base marker.
+
+Verification completed with 44 process-local, WG-config, bindspace, and
+tunnel-address tests passing. Ruff and scoped whitespace checks also
+passed.

ai/prompt-io/prompts/multiaddr_declare_eps.md

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Here is a small example from piker,
 We should take whatever common API is needed to support this and
 distill it into a
 ```python
-tractor.discovery.parse_endpoints(
+tractor.net.parse_endpoints(
 ) -> dict[
   str,
   list[Address]

ai/tpt-backends/03_wg_tunnel_bindspace.md

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ examples in gh #482) used a *suffix* form
 `/ip4/10.0.11.1/tcp/1616/wg/u<key>`. That parses, but it is
 semantically inverted: it puts the overlay addr where the bearer
 belongs, `tcp` where wg's `udp` `ListenPort` goes, and declares
-no overlay endpoint at all. `tractor.discovery.parse_wg_maddr()`
+no overlay endpoint at all. `tractor.net.parse_wg_maddr()`
 now rejects it with an actionable error.
 Observed protocol-name lists, for writing the `match`:
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ Observed protocol-name lists, for writing the `match`:
 ### 3.3 pure parser helpers + explicit verification
 
 The parser/key-codec helpers and async production verifier live in
-`tractor/discovery/_tunnel.py`; parsing remains pure while verification
+`tractor/net/_tunnel.py`; parsing remains pure while verification
 is an explicit, impure caller step:
 
 ```python
@@ -620,6 +620,12 @@ server bound in the old namespace.
   - the child spawn/bootstrap trampoline calls `setns()` **before**
     `_runtime.async_main()`, `IPCServer.listen_on()`, parent-channel
     connection, or creation of any worker thread/socket.
+  - `spawn._netns.enter_netns()` is the first private bootstrap
+    primitive: it checks the inherited FD against the expected inode,
+    calls `setns(fd, CLONE_NEWNET)`, and verifies
+    `/proc/self/ns/net` before returning. It deliberately does not own
+    or close the FD; spawn propagation and status reporting remain the
+    caller's next integration boundary.
   - only after successful entry does the child drop namespace-entry
     privileges and initialize the actor runtime.
   - a root/single-actor process follows the same ordering: enter during

docs/api/index.rst

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ Most-used names at a glance:
    core
    context
    discovery
+   net
    errors
    msg
    trionics

docs/api/ipc.rst

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ already distributed-system aware.
 .. seealso::
 
    :doc:`/explain/architecture` for the transport/server
-   internals, :doc:`/api/discovery` for how channel addresses
+   internals, :doc:`/api/net` for network declarations,
-   get registered and found, and :doc:`/api/msg` for the codec
+   :doc:`/api/discovery` for how channel addresses get registered
-   layer every channel speaks.
+   and found, and :doc:`/api/msg` for the codec layer every channel
+   speaks.

docs/api/net.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+Network declarations and lifecycles
+===================================
+
+``tractor.net`` provides address composition, bindspace declarations,
+and tunnel configuration. The package is lazy: importing
+``tractor`` or ``tractor.net`` does not load multiaddr, WireGuard, or
+pyroute2 implementation modules until a public symbol is used.
+
+Multiaddr helpers
+-----------------
+
+.. currentmodule:: tractor.net
+
+.. autofunction:: mk_maddr
+
+.. autofunction:: parse_maddr
+
+.. autofunction:: parse_endpoints
+
+Bindspaces
+----------
+
+.. autoclass:: BindspaceSpec
+
+.. autoclass:: BindspaceRef
+
+.. autoclass:: Bindspace
+
+.. autofunction:: attach_netns
+
+.. autofunction:: open_netns
+
+.. autofunction:: open_bindspace
+
+Root actor composition
+----------------------
+
+A live :class:`Bindspace` can scope the root actor itself. Compose the
+bindspace manager outside :func:`tractor.open_root_actor` so its network
+namespace remains pinned for the complete actor runtime::
+
+    async with tractor.net.open_wg_bindspace(
+        bindspace_spec=bindspace_spec,
+        layers=layers,
+        role='listen',
+    ) as bindspace:
+        async with tractor.open_root_actor(
+            bindspace=bindspace,
+            enable_transports=['uds'],
+        ) as root_actor:
+            ...
+
+Root entry happens before registry probes, IPC listeners, runtime sockets,
+or actor startup. On every exit, including cancellation or a body error,
+the calling thread is restored to its original network namespace before
+``open_root_actor()`` returns. The root context duplicates the live
+``Bindspace.namespace_fd`` and never consumes or closes the descriptor
+owned by ``open_wg_bindspace()``. Default child processes inherit the root
+namespace naturally; passing an explicit alternate child ``bindspace``
+continues to use that spawn backend's existing behavior. Bound roots reject
+the persistent ``mp_forkserver`` backend because a server started by an
+earlier runtime may retain that runtime's network namespace.
+
+This is the current low-level composition API. A future convenience API
+may accept a tunnel-bearing multiaddr, realize its WireGuard bindspace
+internally, and supply that live capability to root startup.
+
+Tunnels and WireGuard
+---------------------
+
+.. autoclass:: TunnelledAddress
+
+.. autoclass:: WGTunnelSpec
+
+.. autoclass:: WGInterfaceConfig
+
+.. autoclass:: WGPeerConfig
+
+.. autofunction:: parse_wg_maddr
+
+.. autofunction:: mk_wg_maddr
+
+.. autofunction:: strip_tunnels
+
+.. autofunction:: tunnels_of
+
+.. autofunction:: open_wg_iface
+
+.. autofunction:: open_wg_bindspace
+
+.. autofunction:: read_wg_pubkey
+
+.. autofunction:: read_wg_peers
+
+.. autofunction:: verify_wg_peer

docs/guide/discovery.rst

@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ terminology is retired: it's *registrar*/*registry* everywhere now
 substitute "registrar" and you're up to date.
 
 .. note::
-   Multihoming nerds: ``tractor.discovery`` also ships
+   Multihoming nerds: ``tractor.net`` ships
    libp2p-style *multiaddr* helpers — ``mk_maddr()`` and
    ``parse_maddr()`` — for describing transport endpoints as
    structured strings.

examples/multihost/wg_lan/README.md

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ ping -c1 10.0.11.1     # from B
 
 ```bash
 python -c "
-from tractor.discovery import mb_pubkey
+from tractor.net import mb_pubkey
 key = open('wg_pub.key').read().strip()
 print(mb_pubkey(key))
 "
@@ -198,9 +198,23 @@ Four corrections, all from
    `_addr_to_transport` wants a `MsgTransport` per addr-type,
    which `wg` doesn't have.
 
-## next
+## root composition
 
-Layer A's `TunnelledAddress` and native maddr parser plus Layer B's
+The `TunnelledAddress`, native maddr parser, bindspace lifecycle, and
-explicit pyroute2 verification now live in `tractor.discovery`. Next,
+explicit pyroute2 verification APIs live in `tractor.net`. Keep the
-add `open_bindspace()` `@acm`s which create/tear down the iface and
+owning bindspace context outside the root actor so its namespace FD
-netns.
+remains live through complete actor teardown:
+
+```python
+async with tractor.net.open_wg_bindspace(
+    bindspace_spec,
+    layers,
+    role='listen',
+) as bindspace:
+    async with tractor.open_root_actor(bindspace=bindspace):
+        ...
+```
+
+The root actor enters before registry or IPC setup and restores the
+calling thread's original namespace before the outer bindspace context
+removes owned WireGuard and netns resources.

examples/multihost/wg_lan/host_a_srv.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import tractor
 import trio
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     TunnelledAddress,
     mk_maddr,
     parse_wg_maddr,

examples/multihost/wg_lan/host_b_client.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import tractor
 import trio
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     TunnelledAddress,
     parse_wg_maddr,
     verify_wg_peer,

tests/discovery/test_registrar.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from tractor.devx import dump_on_hang
 from tractor.trionics import collapse_eg
 from tractor._testing import tractor_test
 from tractor.discovery._addr import wrap_address
-from tractor.discovery._multiaddr import mk_maddr
+from tractor.net import mk_maddr
 import trio
 
 

tests/discovery/test_tpt_bind_addrs.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from tractor.discovery import _api
 from tractor.discovery._addr import (
     wrap_address,
 )
-from tractor.discovery._multiaddr import mk_maddr
+from tractor.net import mk_maddr
 from tractor.ipc import _connect_chan
 from tractor._testing.addr import get_rando_addr
 

tests/ipc/test_channel_tunnel_boundary.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import pytest
 import trio
 
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     TunnelledAddress,
     WGTunnelSpec,
     tunnels_of,

tests/ipc/test_server_tunnel_boundary.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import trio
 
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     BindspaceRef,
     TunnelledAddress,
     WGTunnelSpec,

tests/msg/test_process_local.py

@@ -7,17 +7,100 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import msgspec
 import pytest
 
-from tractor.msg import ProcessLocal
+from tractor.msg import (
+    FrozenProcessLocal,
+    ProcessLocal,
+)
 
 
 class LocalHandle(ProcessLocal):
     '''
-    Minimal process-local struct used to exercise the global marker.
+    Default marker whose sentinel must fail direct and nested
+    encoding.
 
     '''
     resource_id: int
 
 
+class FrozenLocalHandle(FrozenProcessLocal):
+    '''
+    Frozen outer fields whose referenced `labels` list remains
+    mutable.
+
+    Supplying `_process_local=None` would also replace the
+    unsupported sentinel with an encodable value if construction did
+    not reject it.
+
+    '''
+    resource_id: int
+    # Mutating this list distinguishes shallow struct freezing from
+    # recursively freezing every referenced object.
+    labels: list[str]
+
+
+# This class option would omit the default-valued sentinel from
+# msgpack.
+class OmittingLocalHandle(
+    ProcessLocal,
+    omit_defaults=True,
+):
+    '''
+    Encoder config which would drop the default-valued sentinel.
+
+    With `omit_defaults=True`, both `_process_local` and
+    `resource_id`
+    equal their defaults, so msgspec could encode this struct as an
+    empty map without ever traversing `_ProcessLocalToken`.
+
+    '''
+    resource_id: int = 1
+
+
+class ValidatedLocalHandle(ProcessLocal):
+    '''
+    Subclass validator which would shadow the marker's post-init
+    hook.
+
+    `ProcessLocal.__init_subclass__()` must wrap this method so
+    sentinel validation still runs without requiring a cooperative
+    `super()` call, while retaining this resource-id validation.
+
+    '''
+    resource_id: int
+
+    # Defining this hook normally shadows an inherited
+    # `__post_init__`; `ProcessLocal` must wrap it rather than rely
+    # on a `super()` call.
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if self.resource_id < 0:
+            raise ValueError('resource_id must be non-negative')
+
+
+class MutatingFrozenLocalHandle(FrozenProcessLocal):
+    '''
+    Hook which uses msgspec's frozen-field escape hatch on the
+    sentinel.
+
+    A check only before this hook would miss the replacement and
+    leave the completed struct encodable, so the wrapper must check
+    again after subclass validation.
+
+    '''
+    resource_id: int
+
+    # Replacing the sentinel inside this hook defeats a pre-hook-only
+    # check even though the struct is frozen.
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        # This is msgspec's supported internal mutation path for
+        # frozen structs, and therefore the strongest sentinel-
+        # replacement case.
+        msgspec.structs.force_setattr(
+            self,
+            '_process_local',
+            None,
+        )
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     'nested',
     (
@@ -55,3 +138,74 @@ def test_process_local_rejects_default_encoding(
         match='_ProcessLocalToken.*unsupported',
     ):
         msgspec.msgpack.encode(value)
+
+
+def test_frozen_process_local_contract() -> None:
+    '''
+    Preserve wire rejection while freezing process-local struct
+    fields.
+
+    A plain frozen msgspec struct could otherwise cross actor IPC.
+    Build one `FrozenProcessLocal` with a mutable referenced list,
+    then prove direct and nested default encoding still reach
+    `_ProcessLocalToken`. Reject field replacement while allowing
+    mutation owned by the nested list, demonstrating that the marker
+    provides shallow immutability.
+
+    '''
+    handle = FrozenLocalHandle(
+        resource_id=1,
+        labels=['initial'],
+    )
+
+    for value in (
+        handle,
+        {'nested': [handle]},
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            TypeError,
+            match='_ProcessLocalToken.*unsupported',
+        ):
+            msgspec.msgpack.encode(value)
+
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        handle.resource_id = 2  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    handle.labels.append('changed')
+    assert handle.labels == ['initial', 'changed']
+
+
+def test_process_local_rejects_sentinel_bypasses() -> None:
+    '''
+    Prevent constructor and encoder options from removing the
+    sentinel.
+
+    `FrozenLocalHandle` supplies an encodable sentinel replacement;
+    `OmittingLocalHandle` asks msgspec to omit the default sentinel;
+    `ValidatedLocalHandle` shadows the inherited post-init hook; and
+    `MutatingFrozenLocalHandle` replaces the sentinel from inside
+    that hook. Prove construction rejects each wire-safety bypass
+    while the ordinary subclass value validator still executes.
+
+    '''
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='internal sentinel'):
+        FrozenLocalHandle(
+            resource_id=1,
+            labels=[],
+            _process_local=None,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='omit_defaults'):
+        OmittingLocalHandle()
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='internal sentinel'):
+        ValidatedLocalHandle(
+            resource_id=1,
+            _process_local=None,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='must be non-negative'):
+        ValidatedLocalHandle(resource_id=-1)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='internal sentinel'):
+        MutatingFrozenLocalHandle(resource_id=1)

tests/net/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+'''Network declaration and lifecycle tests.'''

tests/net/test_bindspace.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import msgspec
 import pytest
 import trio
 
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     Bindspace,
     BindspaceOwnership,
     BindspaceRef,
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from tractor.discovery import (
     open_bindspace,
     open_netns,
 )
-from tractor.discovery import _bindspace
+from tractor.net import _bindspace
 from tractor.msg import ProcessLocal
 
 
@@ -261,10 +261,11 @@ def test_open_bindspace_attaches_current_netns() -> None:
     '''
     The unnamed spec must borrow and pin the caller's current netns.
 
-    Open `/proc/self/ns/net`, prove the yielded bindspace records its
+    Opening `/proc/self/ns/net` could pin the thread-group leader's
-    stable inode and borrowed ownership, then exit the context and
+    namespace when this context runs from another thread. Prove the
-    prove the exact descriptor was closed without altering the
+    implementation selects `/proc/thread-self/ns/net`, records the
-    namespace itself.
+    calling thread's stable inode and borrowed ownership, then closes
+    the exact descriptor without altering the namespace itself.
 
     '''
     async def main() -> int:
@@ -276,6 +277,9 @@ def test_open_bindspace_attaches_current_netns() -> None:
             kind='netns',
         )
         assert spec.key is CURRENT_NETNS
+        assert _bindspace._THREAD_NETNS == Path(
+            '/proc/thread-self/ns/net'
+        )
         async with open_bindspace(spec) as bindspace:
             namespace_fd: int|None = bindspace.namespace_fd
             assert namespace_fd is not None

tests/net/test_multiaddr.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 '''
 Multiaddr construction, parsing, and round-trip tests for
-`tractor.discovery._multiaddr.mk_maddr()` and
+`tractor.net.mk_maddr()` and `tractor.net.parse_maddr()`.
-`tractor.discovery._multiaddr.parse_maddr()`.
 
 '''
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -10,20 +9,20 @@ from types import SimpleNamespace
 import pytest
 from multiaddr import Multiaddr
 
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     TunnelledAddress,
     WGTunnelSpec,
     mb_pubkey,
     mk_wg_maddr,
+    mk_maddr,
+    parse_endpoints,
+    parse_maddr,
     parse_wg_maddr,
     tunnels_of,
 )
 from tractor.ipc._tcp import TCPAddress
 from tractor.ipc._uds import UDSAddress
 from tractor.discovery._multiaddr import (
-    mk_maddr,
-    parse_maddr,
-    parse_endpoints,
     _tpt_proto_to_maddr,
     _maddr_to_tpt_proto,
 )

tests/net/test_tunnelled_addr.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import msgspec
 import pytest
 
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     BindspaceRef,
     TunnelledAddress,
     WGTunnelSpec,

tests/net/test_wg_config.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import msgspec
 import pytest
 
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     WGInterfaceConfig,
     WGPeerConfig,
 )

tests/net/test_wg_iface_lifecycle.py

@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager as acm
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
+import sys
 from typing import BinaryIO
 
 import pytest
 import trio
 
-from tractor.discovery import (
+import tractor
+from tractor.net import (
     Bindspace,
     BindspaceRef,
     BindspaceSpec,
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ from tractor.discovery import (
     open_wg_bindspace,
     open_wg_iface,
 )
-from tractor.discovery import _tunnel
+from tractor.net import _tunnel
 
 
 _LOCAL_KEY: str = 'AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA='
@@ -243,6 +245,8 @@ def test_open_wg_iface_shields_cancelled_cleanup(
 
 
 def test_open_wg_bindspace_nests_resource_lifetimes(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+    request: pytest.FixtureRequest,
     monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
 ) -> None:
     '''
@@ -268,14 +272,16 @@ def test_open_wg_bindspace_nests_resource_lifetimes(
     bindspace_spec: BindspaceSpec = BindspaceSpec(
         kind='netns',
     )
+    token = (tmp_path / 'netns').open('w+b')
+    request.addfinalizer(token.close)
     bindspace: Bindspace = Bindspace(
         spec=bindspace_spec,
         ref=BindspaceRef(
             kind='netns',
             key=None,
-            inode=1,
+            inode=os.fstat(token.fileno()).st_ino,
         ),
-        namespace_fd=None,
+        namespace_fd=token.fileno(),
         ownership='borrowed',
     )
     outer_spec: WGTunnelSpec = WGTunnelSpec(
@@ -376,3 +382,105 @@ def test_open_wg_bindspace_nests_resource_lifetimes(
         'wg-outer-exit',
         'bindspace-exit',
     ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform != 'linux',
+    reason='network namespaces are Linux-only',
+)
+def test_public_wg_bindspace_scopes_child_actor(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+    tpt_proto: str,
+) -> None:
+    '''
+    Public network contexts must fully enclose supervised children.
+
+    Attach the real current netns through `tractor.net`, fake only WG
+    interface provisioning, and supervise a child in the yielded
+    `Bindspace`. The nursery reaps it before network-resource teardown.
+
+    '''
+    events: list[str] = []
+    bindspace_spec: BindspaceSpec = BindspaceSpec(
+        kind='netns',
+        lifecycle='attach',
+    )
+    tunnel_spec: WGTunnelSpec = WGTunnelSpec(
+        peer_pubkey=_PEER_KEY,
+        iface='wg-root',
+    )
+    config: WGInterfaceConfig = WGInterfaceConfig(
+        private_key=_LOCAL_KEY,
+    )
+
+    @acm
+    async def fake_open_wg_iface(
+        spec: WGTunnelSpec,
+        iface_config: WGInterfaceConfig,
+        bindspace: Bindspace,
+        role: _tunnel.WGRole,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[WGTunnelSpec]:
+        '''
+        Trace one WG layer around the real root actor lifetime.
+
+        '''
+        assert spec is tunnel_spec
+        assert iface_config is config
+        assert role == 'listen'
+        assert bindspace.namespace_fd is not None
+        events.append('wg-enter')
+        try:
+            yield spec
+        finally:
+            events.append('wg-exit')
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        _tunnel,
+        'open_wg_iface',
+        fake_open_wg_iface,
+    )
+
+    async def main() -> None:
+        '''
+        Compose the public network and root actor context managers.
+
+        '''
+        async with tractor.net.open_wg_bindspace(
+            bindspace_spec=bindspace_spec,
+            layers=((tunnel_spec, config),),
+            role='listen',
+        ) as bindspace:
+            events.append('bindspace-open')
+            async with tractor.open_root_actor(
+                start_method='trio',
+                enable_transports=[tpt_proto],
+            ):
+                events.append('root-open')
+                async with tractor.open_nursery() as nursery:
+                    portal = await nursery.start_actor(
+                        'scoped-worker',
+                        bindspace=bindspace,
+                        parent_addr=tractor.current_actor().accept_addr,
+                        registry_addrs=tractor.current_actor().reg_addrs,
+                    )
+                    await portal.cancel_actor()
+                assert bindspace.namespace_fd is not None
+                assert os.fstat(
+                    bindspace.namespace_fd,
+                ).st_ino == bindspace.ref.inode
+                assert Path(
+                    '/proc/thread-self/ns/net'
+                ).stat().st_ino == bindspace.ref.inode
+            events.append('root-closed')
+
+        events.append('bindspace-closed')
+
+    trio.run(main)
+    assert events == [
+        'wg-enter',
+        'bindspace-open',
+        'root-open',
+        'root-closed',
+        'wg-exit',
+        'bindspace-closed',
+    ]

tests/net/test_wg_inspection.py

@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ from typing import (
 import pytest
 import trio
 
-from tractor.discovery import (
+from tractor.net import (
     read_wg_peers,
     read_wg_pubkey,
     verify_wg_peer,
     WGTunnelSpec,
 )
-from tractor.discovery import _tunnel
+from tractor.net import _tunnel
 
 pyroute2: Any = pytest.importorskip('pyroute2')
 

tests/test_lazy_imports.py

@@ -7,20 +7,6 @@ import os
 from statistics import median
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from typing import (
-    Any,
-    get_type_hints,
-)
-
-from tractor.discovery import (
-    _addr,
-    _multiaddr,
-)
-from tractor.ipc import (
-    _tcp,
-    _uds,
-)
-
 
 def run_cold_import(code: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     result = subprocess.run(
@@ -44,8 +30,8 @@ def test_lazy_to_asyncio_package_api():
     Before the lazy conversion, package import side effects exposed
     `to_asyncio` to `dir()` and wildcard imports. Exercise those APIs
     in cold interpreters so this test proves normal `import tractor`
-    leaves `asyncio` unloaded, while discovery and wildcard access
+    leaves `asyncio` unloaded, while introspection and wildcard
-    still advertise and resolve the public submodule.
+    access still advertise and resolve the public submodule.
 
     '''
     cold = run_cold_import(
@@ -102,6 +88,12 @@ def test_cold_import_budget():
         'bidict',
         'colorlog',
         'multiaddr',
+        'multibase',
+        'pyroute2',
+        'tractor.discovery._multiaddr',
+        'tractor.net',
+        'tractor.net._bindspace',
+        'tractor.net._tunnel',
         'wrapt',
     )
     code = (
@@ -136,25 +128,173 @@ def test_cold_import_budget():
     )
 
 
-def test_lazy_annotation_names_resolve():
+def test_lazy_net_package_api():
     '''
-    Resolve annotations without importing optional dependencies.
+    Keep the public network package cold until symbol access.
 
-    Moving annotation-only third-party names under `TYPE_CHECKING`
+    The old discovery re-exports imported bindspace, tunnel,
-    left their runtime globals undefined, causing
+    multiaddr and optional dependencies while initializing a package.
-    `typing.get_type_hints()` to raise `NameError`. Resolve every
+    Import `tractor.net` in a clean interpreter, inspect its public
-    affected API and prove the lazy aliases retain import-free runtime
+    surface, and prove no implementation or optional dependency was
-    introspection.
+    loaded. Then resolve one symbol from each backing module and
+    prove the facade caches each value while preserving boundaries.
 
     '''
-    assert get_type_hints(_multiaddr.mk_maddr)['return'] is Any
+    modules: tuple[str, ...] = (
-    assert get_type_hints(_tcp.MsgpackTCPStream.maddr.fget)[
+        'tractor.net._bindspace',
-        'return'
+        'tractor.net._tunnel',
-    ] is Any
+        'tractor.discovery._multiaddr',
-    assert get_type_hints(_uds.MsgpackUDSStream.maddr.fget)[
+        'multiaddr',
-        'return'
+        'multibase',
-    ] == Any|str
+        'pyroute2',
-    assert get_type_hints(_addr.Address.get_random)[
+    )
-        'current_actor'
+    cold: dict[str, object] = run_cold_import(
-    ] is Any
+        'import json, sys; import tractor.net as net; '
-    assert _addr.__annotations__['_address_types'].startswith('dict')
+        f'names = {modules!r}; '
+        'print(json.dumps({'
+        '"public": all(name in dir(net) for name in net.__all__), '
+        '"loaded": [name for name in names if name in sys.modules]'
+        '}))'
+    )
+    assert cold == {
+        'public': True,
+        'loaded': [],
+    }
+
+    resolved: dict[str, object] = run_cold_import(
+        'import json, sys; import tractor.net as net; '
+        'bindspace = net.BindspaceSpec; '
+        'bindspace_cached = net.BindspaceSpec is bindspace; '
+        'maddr = net.mk_maddr; '
+        'maddr_cached = net.mk_maddr is maddr; '
+        'tunnel = net.WGTunnelSpec; '
+        'tunnel_cached = net.WGTunnelSpec is tunnel; '
+        'print(json.dumps({'
+        '"bindspace_cached": bindspace_cached, '
+        '"maddr_cached": maddr_cached, '
+        '"tunnel_cached": tunnel_cached, '
+        '"bindspace_module": bindspace.__module__, '
+        '"maddr_module": maddr.__module__, '
+        '"tunnel_module": tunnel.__module__, '
+        '"multiaddr_loaded": "multiaddr" in sys.modules, '
+        '"pyroute2_loaded": "pyroute2" in sys.modules'
+        '}))'
+    )
+    assert resolved == {
+        'bindspace_cached': True,
+        'maddr_cached': True,
+        'tunnel_cached': True,
+        'bindspace_module': 'tractor.net._bindspace',
+        'maddr_module': 'tractor.discovery._multiaddr',
+        'tunnel_module': 'tractor.net._tunnel',
+        'multiaddr_loaded': False,
+        'pyroute2_loaded': False,
+    }
+
+
+def test_net_root_export_and_old_discovery_surface():
+    '''
+    Publish networking only from its approved namespace.
+
+    Before extraction, unshipped network names and implementation
+    modules lived under `tractor.discovery`. Exercise root attribute
+    and wildcard access in clean interpreters, proving `tractor.net`
+    is discoverable and cached without loading implementations. Also
+    prove the old exports are absent and their modules no longer
+    resolve, preventing accidental compatibility aliases.
+
+    '''
+    root: dict[str, object] = run_cold_import(
+        'import json, sys, tractor; '
+        'advertised = "net" in dir(tractor); '
+        'net = tractor.net; '
+        'print(json.dumps({'
+        '"advertised": advertised, '
+        '"cached": tractor.net is net, '
+        '"module": net.__name__, '
+        '"bindspace_loaded": '
+        '"tractor.net._bindspace" in sys.modules, '
+        '"tunnel_loaded": "tractor.net._tunnel" in sys.modules'
+        '}))'
+    )
+    assert root == {
+        'advertised': True,
+        'cached': True,
+        'module': 'tractor.net',
+        'bindspace_loaded': False,
+        'tunnel_loaded': False,
+    }
+
+    old: dict[str, object] = run_cold_import(
+        'import importlib.util, json; '
+        'import tractor.discovery as discovery; '
+        'old_names = ("Bindspace", "TunnelledAddress", '
+        '"mk_maddr", "parse_maddr", "parse_endpoints"); '
+        'old_modules = ("tractor.discovery._bindspace", '
+        '"tractor.discovery._tunnel"); '
+        'print(json.dumps({'
+        '"exports": [name for name in old_names '
+        'if hasattr(discovery, name)], '
+        '"modules": [name for name in old_modules '
+        'if importlib.util.find_spec(name) is not None]'
+        '}))'
+    )
+    assert old == {
+        'exports': [],
+        'modules': [],
+    }
+
+
+def test_discovery_types_are_dependency_neutral():
+    '''
+    Keep canonical address types independent of runtime implementations.
+
+    Annotation-only imports previously rebound unavailable model names
+    to `Any` so `get_type_hints()` could resolve them. That test only
+    verified its own workaround and hid the `_addr`/transport import
+    cycle. Import the canonical declarations in a cold interpreter and
+    prove they do not pull in optional networking modules. Then prove
+    each implementation imports the same real declarations instead of
+    substituting `Any` under the model names.
+
+    '''
+    cold = run_cold_import(
+        'import json, sys; '
+        'from tractor.discovery import types; '
+        'blocked = ('
+        '"multiaddr", "multibase", "pyroute2", '
+        '"tractor.discovery._multiaddr", "tractor.net", '
+        '"tractor.net._bindspace", "tractor.net._tunnel"); '
+        'print(json.dumps({'
+        '"address_module": types.Address.__module__, '
+        '"blocked": [name for name in blocked '
+        'if name in sys.modules]}))'
+    )
+    assert cold == {
+        'address_module': 'tractor.discovery.types',
+        'blocked': [],
+    }
+
+    from tractor.discovery import (
+        _addr,
+        _multiaddr,
+        types,
+    )
+    from tractor.ipc import (
+        _chan,
+        _server,
+        _tcp,
+        _transport,
+        _uds,
+    )
+    from tractor.net import _tunnel
+
+    assert _addr.Address is types.Address
+    assert _addr.UnwrappedAddress is types.UnwrappedAddress
+    assert _multiaddr.AddressDeclaration is types.AddressDeclaration
+    assert _tcp.TaggedTCPAddress is types.TaggedTCPAddress
+    assert _uds.TaggedUnixAddress is types.TaggedUnixAddress
+    assert _transport.Address is types.Address
+    assert _chan.AddressDeclaration is types.AddressDeclaration
+    assert _server.AddressDeclaration is types.AddressDeclaration
+    assert _tunnel.AddressDeclaration is types.AddressDeclaration

tests/test_spawning.py

@@ -10,15 +10,25 @@ API design.
 
 """
 from functools import partial
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 from typing import (
     Any,
 )
+from unittest.mock import (
+    AsyncMock,
+    MagicMock,
+)
 
 import pytest
 import trio
 import tractor
 
+from tractor._exceptions import ActorFailure
 from tractor._testing import tractor_test
+from tractor.spawn import (
+    _spawn,
+    _trio,
+)
 
 data_to_pass_down = {
     'doggy': 10,
@@ -26,6 +36,396 @@ data_to_pass_down = {
 }
 
 
+def test_peer_handshake_wins_child_boot_race() -> None:
+    '''
+    A connected child must cancel process-death monitoring cleanly.
+
+    Start the death waiter first and hold it at a checkpoint. Let the
+    fake server then return one peer event and channel. The helper must
+    preserve the normal handshake result and cancel the losing process
+    waiter before its nursery exits. The fake explicitly catches and
+    re-raises `trio.Cancelled` to prove cancellation caused its exit.
+
+    '''
+    async def main() -> None:
+        '''
+        Control the handshake-first schedule with Trio events.
+
+        '''
+        uid: tuple[str, str] = ('handshake-child', 'test')
+        death_started = trio.Event()
+        death_cancelled = trio.Event()
+        peer_event = trio.Event()
+        channel = object()
+
+        async def wait_for_peer(
+            child_uid: tuple[str, str],
+        ) -> tuple[trio.Event, object]:
+            '''
+            Return the peer only after death monitoring is active.
+
+            '''
+            assert child_uid == uid
+            await death_started.wait()
+            return (peer_event, channel)
+
+        async def wait_for_death() -> int:
+            '''
+            Block until the winning handshake cancels this waiter.
+
+            '''
+            death_started.set()
+            try:
+                await trio.sleep_forever()
+            except trio.Cancelled:
+                death_cancelled.set()
+                raise
+
+        result = await _spawn.wait_for_peer_or_proc_death(
+            ipc_server=SimpleNamespace(
+                wait_for_peer=wait_for_peer,
+            ),
+            uid=uid,
+            proc_wait=wait_for_death,
+            proc_repr='handshake-proc',
+        )
+
+        assert result == (peer_event, channel)
+        assert death_cancelled.is_set()
+
+    trio.run(main)
+
+
+def test_child_death_wins_peer_handshake_race() -> None:
+    '''
+    Pre-handshake child death must fail startup instead of hanging.
+
+    Start the peer waiter first and leave it parked like
+    `IPCServer.wait_for_peer()` on an unset event. Return a distinctive
+    process status from the competing waiter, then prove the helper
+    cancels the handshake and raises `ActorFailure` with child identity,
+    status, and process diagnostics.
+
+    '''
+    async def main() -> None:
+        '''
+        Control the death-first schedule with Trio events.
+
+        '''
+        uid: tuple[str, str] = ('dead-child', 'test')
+        handshake_started = trio.Event()
+        handshake_cancelled = trio.Event()
+
+        async def wait_for_peer(
+            child_uid: tuple[str, str],
+        ) -> tuple[trio.Event, object]:
+            '''
+            Park until process death cancels this handshake waiter.
+
+            '''
+            assert child_uid == uid
+            handshake_started.set()
+            try:
+                await trio.sleep_forever()
+            except trio.Cancelled:
+                handshake_cancelled.set()
+                raise
+
+        async def wait_for_death() -> int:
+            '''
+            Report child death after handshake monitoring is active.
+
+            '''
+            await handshake_started.wait()
+            return 23
+
+        with pytest.raises(ActorFailure) as exc_info:
+            await _spawn.wait_for_peer_or_proc_death(
+                ipc_server=SimpleNamespace(
+                    wait_for_peer=wait_for_peer,
+                ),
+                uid=uid,
+                proc_wait=wait_for_death,
+                proc_repr='dead-proc',
+            )
+
+        message: str = str(exc_info.value)
+        assert repr(uid) in message
+        assert 'died during boot' in message
+        assert '(rc=23)' in message
+        assert 'parent-handshake' in message
+        assert 'dead-proc' in message
+        assert handshake_cancelled.is_set()
+
+    trio.run(main)
+
+
+def test_child_death_wins_simultaneous_boot_results() -> None:
+    '''
+    Observed process death must outrank a simultaneous handshake.
+
+    Hold both fake waits behind one barrier with cancellation shielding,
+    then release them together so both publish a committed result before
+    sibling cancellation takes effect. Because the child has exited
+    before receiving its `SpawnSpec`, bootstrap must raise `ActorFailure`
+    rather than return its briefly established channel.
+
+    '''
+    async def main() -> None:
+        '''
+        Release both boot outcomes from one controlled barrier.
+
+        '''
+        uid: tuple[str, str] = ('simultaneous-child', 'test')
+        handshake_ready = trio.Event()
+        death_ready = trio.Event()
+        release = trio.Event()
+        peer_event = trio.Event()
+
+        async def wait_for_peer(
+            child_uid: tuple[str, str],
+        ) -> tuple[trio.Event, object]:
+            '''
+            Publish a handshake despite sibling cancellation.
+
+            '''
+            assert child_uid == uid
+            handshake_ready.set()
+            with trio.CancelScope(shield=True):
+                await release.wait()
+            return (peer_event, object())
+
+        async def wait_for_death() -> int:
+            '''
+            Publish process death despite sibling cancellation.
+
+            '''
+            death_ready.set()
+            with trio.CancelScope(shield=True):
+                await release.wait()
+            return 0
+
+        async def release_both() -> None:
+            '''
+            Open the barrier only after both waiters are parked.
+
+            '''
+            await handshake_ready.wait()
+            await death_ready.wait()
+            release.set()
+
+        async with trio.open_nursery() as nursery:
+            nursery.start_soon(release_both)
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ActorFailure,
+                match=r'simultaneous-child.*rc=0',
+            ):
+                await _spawn.wait_for_peer_or_proc_death(
+                    ipc_server=SimpleNamespace(
+                        wait_for_peer=wait_for_peer,
+                    ),
+                    uid=uid,
+                    proc_wait=wait_for_death,
+                )
+
+    trio.run(main)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('failing_waiter', ('handshake', 'death'))
+def test_child_boot_race_preserves_waiter_error(
+    failing_waiter: str,
+) -> None:
+    '''
+    Waiter failures must retain their original exception identity.
+
+    Park the non-failing sibling and raise one unique error from either
+    the peer or process waiter. The helper's internal nursery must
+    cancel the sibling and re-raise that exact exception instead of
+    wrapping it in an `ExceptionGroup`.
+
+    '''
+    async def main() -> None:
+        '''
+        Trigger one selected waiter after its sibling starts.
+
+        '''
+        uid: tuple[str, str] = ('errored-child', 'test')
+        sibling_started = trio.Event()
+        wait_error = RuntimeError(f'{failing_waiter} failed')
+
+        async def wait_for_peer(
+            child_uid: tuple[str, str],
+        ) -> tuple[trio.Event, object]:
+            '''
+            Raise or park according to the selected peer schedule.
+
+            '''
+            assert child_uid == uid
+            if failing_waiter == 'handshake':
+                await sibling_started.wait()
+                raise wait_error
+
+            sibling_started.set()
+            await trio.sleep_forever()
+
+        async def wait_for_death() -> int:
+            '''
+            Raise or park according to the selected process schedule.
+
+            '''
+            if failing_waiter == 'death':
+                await sibling_started.wait()
+                raise wait_error
+
+            sibling_started.set()
+            await trio.sleep_forever()
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info:
+            await _spawn.wait_for_peer_or_proc_death(
+                ipc_server=SimpleNamespace(
+                    wait_for_peer=wait_for_peer,
+                ),
+                uid=uid,
+                proc_wait=wait_for_death,
+            )
+
+        assert exc_info.value is wait_error
+
+    trio.run(main)
+
+
+def test_trio_proc_cleans_failed_child_peer_event(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    '''
+    Death-first Trio startup must release provisional peer state.
+
+    Return one already-dead fake process while its server handshake
+    parks forever. The fake nursery proves the peer event exists before
+    provisional child publication. After `ActorFailure`, both that
+    exact event and the provisional child record must be gone so repeated
+    failed spawns cannot leak server state.
+
+    '''
+    uid: tuple[str, str] = ('dead-trio-child', 'test')
+    proc: trio.Process = MagicMock(spec=trio.Process)
+    proc.pid = 1234
+    proc.wait = AsyncMock(return_value=23)
+    proc.poll.return_value = 23
+    proc.__str__.return_value = 'dead-trio-proc'
+
+    class FakeServer:
+        '''
+        Hold the peer registry used during Trio child startup.
+
+        '''
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            self._peer_connected: dict[
+                tuple[str, str],
+                trio.Event,
+            ] = {}
+
+        async def wait_for_peer(
+            self,
+            child_uid: tuple[str, str],
+        ) -> tuple[trio.Event, object]:
+            '''
+            Park like a child that never reaches its handshake.
+
+            '''
+            assert child_uid == uid
+            await trio.sleep_forever()
+
+    server = FakeServer()
+
+    class FakeNursery:
+        '''
+        Track provisional child publication and cleanup.
+
+        '''
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            self._actor = SimpleNamespace(ipc_server=server)
+            self._children: dict[tuple[str, str], tuple] = {}
+
+        def _register_child(
+            self,
+            subactor: object,
+            proc: object,
+            portal: object|None,
+        ) -> tuple[trio.Event, trio.Event, bool]:
+            '''
+            Require peer-event registration before child publication.
+
+            '''
+            assert uid in server._peer_connected
+            assert portal is None
+            self._children[uid] = (subactor, proc, portal)
+            return (trio.Event(), trio.Event(), False)
+
+    async def fake_open_process(
+        command: list[str],
+        **kwargs: object,
+    ) -> trio.Process:
+        '''
+        Return a process whose death wins the bootstrap race.
+
+        '''
+        assert command
+        return proc
+
+    async def fake_wait_for_debugger(**kwargs: object) -> None:
+        '''
+        Keep hard-reap cleanup deterministic and non-interactive.
+
+        '''
+        return None
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        _trio.trio.lowlevel,
+        'open_process',
+        fake_open_process,
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        _trio.debug,
+        'maybe_wait_for_debugger',
+        fake_wait_for_debugger,
+    )
+
+    nursery = FakeNursery()
+    subactor = SimpleNamespace(
+        aid=tractor.msg.Aid(
+            name=uid[0],
+            uuid=uid[1],
+        ),
+        loglevel=None,
+        pformat=lambda: 'dead-trio-child',
+    )
+
+    async def main() -> None:
+        '''
+        Run the full Trio backend through death-first cleanup.
+
+        '''
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ActorFailure,
+            match=r'dead-trio-child.*rc=23',
+        ):
+            await _trio.trio_proc(
+                name=uid[0],
+                actor_nursery=nursery,
+                subactor=subactor,
+                errors={},
+                bind_addrs=[],
+                parent_addr=('127.0.0.1', 1616),
+                _runtime_vars={},
+            )
+
+    trio.run(main)
+
+    assert server._peer_connected == {}
+    assert nursery._children == {}
+
+
 async def run_same_func_in_child(
     should_be_root: bool,
     data: dict,

tractor/__init__.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 tractor: structured concurrent ``trio``-"actors".
 
 """
+from types import ModuleType as _ModuleType
 
 from ._clustering import (
     open_actor_cluster as open_actor_cluster,
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ __all__: tuple[str, ...] = tuple(
     for name in globals()
     if not name.startswith('_')
 ) + (
+    'net',
     'to_asyncio',
 )
 
@@ -92,21 +94,18 @@ def __dir__() -> list[str]:
 
 def __getattr__(name: str):
     '''
-    PEP 562 lazy sub-module loading, presently only for
+    PEP 562 lazy public sub-package loading.
-    `.to_asyncio` which (transitively) imports `asyncio`
-    itself: a non-trivial multi-ms chunk of the eager
-    `import tractor` cost (gh #470) unneeded by
-    `trio`-only apps.
 
-    Any `tractor.to_asyncio.<attr>` access (or a
+    `tractor.to_asyncio` transitively imports `asyncio`, while
-    `from tractor import to_asyncio`) still works, the
+    `tractor.net` owns optional network dependencies. Neither is
-    sub-mod is simply imported on first-access instead
+    needed by most applications merely importing the root package.
-    of at pkg-import time.
 
     '''
-    if name == 'to_asyncio':
+    if name in ('net', 'to_asyncio'):
         from importlib import import_module
-        return import_module('.to_asyncio', __name__)
+        module: _ModuleType = import_module(f'.{name}', __name__)
+        globals()[name] = module
+        return module
 
     raise AttributeError(
         f'module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}'

tractor/_child.py

@@ -26,7 +26,10 @@ from ast import literal_eval
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from .runtime._runtime import Actor
-from .spawn._entry import _trio_main
+from .spawn._entry import (
+    _consume_netns_bootstrap,
+    _trio_main,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .discovery._addr import UnwrappedAddress
@@ -46,12 +49,41 @@ def parse_ipaddr(arg):
         return arg
 
 
+def parse_netns_bootstrap(arg: str) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
+    '''
+    Parse one atomic inherited namespace capability.
+
+    Descriptor and device/inode validation remains in
+    `_consume_netns_bootstrap()` so every valid descriptor-shaped
+    input reaches its exact child-owned cleanup boundary.
+
+    '''
+    try:
+        value: object = literal_eval(arg)
+    except (ValueError, SyntaxError) as exc:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(
+            'netns bootstrap must be an `(fd, device, inode)` tuple'
+        ) from exc
+
+    if (
+        not isinstance(value, tuple)
+        or
+        len(value) != 3
+    ):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(
+            'netns bootstrap must be an `(fd, device, inode)` tuple'
+        )
+
+    return value
+
+
 def _actor_child_main(
     uid: tuple[str, str],
     loglevel: str | None,
     parent_addr: UnwrappedAddress | None,
     infect_asyncio: bool,
     spawn_method: SpawnMethodKey = 'trio',
+    netns_bootstrap: tuple[int, int, int]|None = None,
 
 ) -> None:
     '''
@@ -62,7 +94,13 @@ def _actor_child_main(
     invokes this from inside a fresh `concurrent.interpreters`
     sub-interpreter via `Interpreter.call()`.
 
+    Consume `netns_bootstrap` before Trio patching, actor construction,
+    process-title setup, or actor-runtime entry. The spawn backend must
+    supply an exclusively child-owned FD duplicate.
+
     '''
+    _consume_netns_bootstrap(netns_bootstrap)
+
     # Apply defensive monkey-patches for upstream `trio`
     # bugs we've encountered while running tractor — see
     # `tractor.trionics.patches` for the catalog +
@@ -113,7 +151,11 @@ def _actor_child_main(
     )
 
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
+def main(argv: list[str]|None = None) -> None:
+    '''
+    Parse Trio child-bootstrap arguments and enter actor runtime.
+
+    '''
     __tracebackhide__: bool = True
 
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
@@ -121,7 +163,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser.add_argument("--loglevel", type=str)
     parser.add_argument("--parent_addr", type=parse_ipaddr)
     parser.add_argument("--asyncio", action='store_true')
-    args = parser.parse_args()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--netns_bootstrap',
+        type=parse_netns_bootstrap,
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
 
     _actor_child_main(
         uid=args.uid,
@@ -129,4 +175,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         parent_addr=args.parent_addr,
         infect_asyncio=args.asyncio,
         spawn_method='trio',
+        netns_bootstrap=args.netns_bootstrap,
     )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tractor/_root.py

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 Root actor runtime ignition(s).
 
 '''
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from contextlib import (
     asynccontextmanager as acm,
 )
@@ -49,13 +51,15 @@ from .runtime import _state
 from . import log
 from .discovery._api import _probe_registry_addrs
 from .discovery._addr import (
-    Address,
-    UnwrappedAddress,
     default_lo_addrs,
+    get_address_cls,
     mk_uuid,
     wrap_address,
 )
-from .discovery._tunnel import strip_tunnels
+from .discovery.types import (
+    Address,
+    UnwrappedAddress,
+)
 from .trionics import (
     is_multi_cancelled,
     collapse_eg,
@@ -157,8 +161,13 @@ async def maybe_block_bp(
 @acm
 async def open_root_actor(
     *,
+    # Low-level realized scope. A future tunnelled-address bootstrap
+    # may open and supply this capability internally.
+    # Root netns entry is deferred to a pre-Trio launcher; the async
+    # root API cannot safely switch the process networking scope.
+
     tpt_bind_addrs: list[
-        Address  # `Address.get_random()` case
+        Address  # concrete transport address case
         |UnwrappedAddress  # registrar case `= uw_reg_addrs`
     ]|None = None,
 
@@ -220,6 +229,10 @@ async def open_root_actor(
     All (disjoint) actor-process-trees-as-programs are created via
     this entrypoint.
 
+    To supervise a network-scoped child, open its bindspace outside
+    an ActorNursery and pass it to `start_actor()`. Root namespace
+    entry must happen before `trio.run()` and worker-thread creation.
+
     '''
     # XXX NEVER allow nested actor-trees!
     if already_actor := _state.current_actor(
@@ -241,9 +254,11 @@ async def open_root_actor(
         )
 
     # debug.mk_pdb().set_trace()
-    async with maybe_block_bp(
+    async with (
-        debug_mode=debug_mode,
+        maybe_block_bp(
-        maybe_enable_greenback=maybe_enable_greenback,
+            debug_mode=debug_mode,
+            maybe_enable_greenback=maybe_enable_greenback,
+        ),
     ):
         if enable_transports is None:
             enable_transports: list[str] = _state.current_ipc_protos()
@@ -505,8 +520,13 @@ async def open_root_actor(
             # XXX INSTEAD, bind random addrs using the same tpt
             # proto if not already provided.
             if not tpt_bind_addrs:
+                from .net._tunnel import strip_tunnels
+
                 for addr in ponged_addrs:
                     bindable_addr: Address = strip_tunnels(addr)
+                    address_type = get_address_cls(
+                        bindable_addr.proto_key
+                    )
                     tpt_bind_addrs.append(
                         # XXX, these are `Address` NOT `UnwrappedAddress`.
                         #
@@ -514,7 +534,7 @@ async def open_root_actor(
                         # protos we allocate port=0 such that the system
                         # allocates a random value at bind time; this
                         # happens in the `.ipc.*` stack's backend.
-                        bindable_addr.get_random(
+                        address_type.get_random(
                             bindspace=bindable_addr.bindspace,
                         )
                     )

tractor/discovery/__init__.py

@@ -15,48 +15,8 @@
 # along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 '''
-Discovery (protocols) API for automatic addressing
+Actor discovery and registrar implementation package.
-and location management of (service) actors.
 
-NOTE: this ``__init__`` only eagerly imports the lightweight
+Network declarations and helpers are public from `tractor.net`.
-``._multiaddr`` and ``._tunnel`` submodules for public re-exports.
-Heavier submodules like ``._addr`` and ``._api`` are NOT imported
-here to avoid circular imports; use direct module paths for those.
 
 '''
-from ._bindspace import (
-    Bindspace as Bindspace,
-    BindspaceKind as BindspaceKind,
-    BindspaceLifecycle as BindspaceLifecycle,
-    BindspaceOwnership as BindspaceOwnership,
-    BindspaceRef as BindspaceRef,
-    BindspaceSpec as BindspaceSpec,
-    CURRENT_NETNS as CURRENT_NETNS,
-    attach_netns as attach_netns,
-    open_bindspace as open_bindspace,
-    open_netns as open_netns,
-)
-from ._multiaddr import (
-    parse_endpoints as parse_endpoints,
-    parse_maddr as parse_maddr,
-    mk_maddr as mk_maddr,
-)
-from ._tunnel import (
-    TunnelledAddress as TunnelledAddress,
-    TunnelSpec as TunnelSpec,
-    WGTunnelSpec as WGTunnelSpec,
-    WGInterfaceConfig as WGInterfaceConfig,
-    WGPeerConfig as WGPeerConfig,
-    WGRole as WGRole,
-    mb_pubkey as mb_pubkey,
-    mk_wg_maddr as mk_wg_maddr,
-    open_wg_bindspace as open_wg_bindspace,
-    open_wg_iface as open_wg_iface,
-    parse_wg_maddr as parse_wg_maddr,
-    read_wg_peers as read_wg_peers,
-    read_wg_pubkey as read_wg_pubkey,
-    strip_tunnels as strip_tunnels,
-    tunnels_of as tunnels_of,
-    verify_wg_peer as verify_wg_peer,
-    wg8_pubkey as wg8_pubkey,
-)

tractor/discovery/_addr.py

@@ -15,19 +15,7 @@
 # along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 from __future__ import annotations
 from uuid import uuid4
-from typing import (
+from typing import TypeAlias
-    Any,
-    Protocol,
-    ClassVar,
-    Literal,
-    Type,
-    TypeAlias,
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-)
-
-from trio import (
-    SocketListener,
-)
 
 from ..log import get_logger
 from ..runtime._state import (
@@ -38,70 +26,19 @@ from ..ipc._uds import (
     UDSAddress,
     HAS_UDS,
 )
-
+from .types import (
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    Address as Address,
-    # ONLY type-annots, the eager import costs ~4.5ms
+    AddressDeclaration,
-    # of `import tractor` wall-time (gh #470).
+    LegacyUnwrappedAddress,
-    from ._tunnel import (
+    TaggedAddress,
-        TunnelledAddress,
+    TaggedUDSAlias,
-    )
+    UnwrappedAddress,
-    from ..runtime._runtime import Actor
+)
-else:
-    Actor = Any
-    TunnelledAddress = Any
 
 log = get_logger()
 
-# TODO, maybe breakout the netns key to a struct?
+_AddressType: TypeAlias = type[TCPAddress]|type[UDSAddress]
-# class NetNs(Struct)[str, int]:
-#     ...
 
-# TODO, can't we just use a type alias
-# for this? namely just some `tuple[str, int, str, str]`?
-#
-# -[ ] would also just be simpler to keep this as SockAddr[tuple]
-#     or something, implying it's just a simple pair of values which can
-#     presumably be mapped to all transports?
-# -[ ] `pydoc socket.socket.getsockname()` delivers a 4-tuple for
-#     ipv6 `(hostaddr, port, flowinfo, scope_id)`.. so how should we
-#     handle that?
-# -[ ] as a further alternative to this wrap()/unwrap() approach we
-#     could just implement `enc/dec_hook()`s for the `Address`-types
-#     and just deal with our internal objs directly and always and
-#     leave it to the codec layer to figure out marshalling?
-#    |_ would mean only one spot to do the `.unwrap()` (which we may
-#       end up needing to call from the hook()s anyway?)
-# -[x] rename to `UnwrappedAddress[Descriptor]` ??
-#    seems like the right name as per,
-#    https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-address-descriptor/
-#
-TaggedTCPAddress: TypeAlias = tuple[
-    Literal['tcp'],
-    str,
-    int,
-]
-TaggedUnixAddress: TypeAlias = tuple[
-    Literal['unix'],
-    str,
-]
-TaggedUDSAlias: TypeAlias = tuple[
-    Literal['uds'],
-    str,
-]
-TaggedAddress: TypeAlias = (
-    TaggedTCPAddress
-    |TaggedUnixAddress
-)
-
-# Input-only compatibility forms retained for older callers and
-# serialized payloads.
-LegacyTCPAddress: TypeAlias = tuple[str, int]
-LegacyUDSAddress: TypeAlias = tuple[str, str]
-LegacyUnwrappedAddress: TypeAlias = (
-    LegacyTCPAddress
-    |LegacyUDSAddress
-)
-UnwrappedAddress = TaggedAddress
 # ?TODO? should we also include another 2 fields from our `Aid` msg
 # such that we include the runtime `Actor.uid` of `.name` and `.uuid`?
 # - would ensure uniqueness across entire net?
@@ -109,106 +46,14 @@ UnwrappedAddress = TaggedAddress
 #   name"
 
 
-# TODO, maybe rename to `SocketAddress`?
-class Address(Protocol):
-    proto_key: ClassVar[str]
-    unwrapped_type: ClassVar[type]
-
-    # TODO, i feel like an `.is_bound()` is a better thing to
-    # support?
-    # Lke, what use does this have besides a noop and if it's not
-    # valid why aren't we erroring on creation/use?
-    @property
-    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
-        ...
-
-    # TODO, maybe `.netns` is a better name?
-    @property
-    def namespace(self) -> tuple[str, str|int]|None:
-        '''
-        The if-available, OS-specific "network namespace" key.
-
-        '''
-        ...
-
-    @property
-    def bindspace(self) -> str:
-        '''
-        Deliver the socket address' "bindable space" from
-        a `socket.socket.bind()` and thus from the perspective of
-        specific transport protocol domain.
-
-        I.e. for most (layer-4) network-socket protocols this is
-        normally the ipv4/6 address, for UDS this is normally
-        a filesystem (sub-directory).
-
-        For (distributed) network protocols this is normally the routing
-        layer's domain/(ip-)address, though it might also include a "network namespace"
-        key different then the default.
-
-        For local-host-only transports this is either an explicit
-        namespace (with types defined by the OS: netns, Cgroup, IPC,
-        pid, etc. on linux) or failing that the sub-directory in the
-        filesys in which socket/shm files are located *under*.
-
-        '''
-        ...
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_addr(cls, addr: UnwrappedAddress) -> Address:
-        ...
-
-    def unwrap(self) -> UnwrappedAddress:
-        '''
-        Deliver the underying minimum field set in
-        a primitive python data type-structure.
-        '''
-        ...
-
-    @classmethod
-    def get_random(
-        cls,
-        current_actor: Actor,
-        bindspace: str|None = None,
-    ) -> Address:
-        ...
-
-    # TODO, this should be something like a `.get_def_registar_addr()`
-    # or similar since,
-    # - it should be a **host singleton** (not root/tree singleton)
-    # - we **only need this value** when one isn't provided to the
-    #   runtime at boot and we want to implicitly provide a host-wide
-    #   registrar.
-    # - each rooted-actor-tree should likely have its own
-    #   micro-registry (likely the root being it), also see
-    @classmethod
-    def get_root(cls) -> Address:
-        ...
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        ...
-
-    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
-        ...
-
-    async def open_listener(
-        self,
-        **kwargs,
-    ) -> SocketListener:
-        ...
-
-    async def close_listener(self):
-        ...
-
-
 # the address types available on this host: TCP always, UDS only
 # where usable (`HAS_UDS`). Both registries derive from this single
 # list via each type's `proto_key`.
-_address_protos: list[Type[Address]] = [TCPAddress]
+_address_protos: list[_AddressType] = [TCPAddress]
 if HAS_UDS:
     _address_protos.append(UDSAddress)
 
-_address_types: dict[str, Type[Address]] = {
+_address_types: dict[str, _AddressType] = {
     cls.proto_key: cls
     for cls in _address_protos
 }
@@ -216,13 +61,22 @@ _address_types: dict[str, Type[Address]] = {
 
 # TODO! really these are discovery sys default addrs ONLY useful for
 # when none is provided to a root actor on first boot.
+#
+# TODO, this should be something like a `.get_def_registar_addr()`
+# or similar since,
+# - it should be a **host singleton** (not root/tree singleton)
+# - we **only need this value** when one isn't provided to the
+#   runtime at boot and we want to implicitly provide a host-wide
+#   registrar.
+# - each rooted-actor-tree should likely have its own
+#   micro-registry (likely the root being it), also see
 _default_lo_addrs: dict[str, UnwrappedAddress] = {
     cls.proto_key: cls.get_root().unwrap()
     for cls in _address_protos
 }
 
 
-def get_address_cls(name: str) -> Type[Address]:
+def get_address_cls(name: str) -> _AddressType:
     try:
         return _address_types[name]
     except KeyError:
@@ -233,12 +87,13 @@ def get_address_cls(name: str) -> Type[Address]:
         )
 
 
-def is_wrapped_addr(addr: any) -> bool:
+def is_wrapped_addr(addr: object) -> bool:
     # XXX NOTE, a `TunnelledAddress` is genuinely "wrapped" but is
     # deliberately NOT in `_address_types`: it has no
     # `MsgTransport` of its own (a tunnel is transparent to
-    # `socket(2)`), so it gets no proto-key entry. See `._tunnel`.
+    # `socket(2)`), so it gets no proto-key entry. See
-    from ._tunnel import TunnelledAddress
+    # `tractor.net._tunnel`.
+    from tractor.net._tunnel import TunnelledAddress
     return (
         type(addr) in _address_types.values()
         or
@@ -263,10 +118,9 @@ def wrap_address(
         |LegacyUnwrappedAddress
         |list[str|int]
         |str
-        |Address
+        |AddressDeclaration
-        |TunnelledAddress
     ),
-) -> Address|TunnelledAddress:
+) -> AddressDeclaration:
     '''
     Wrap an `UnwrappedAddress` as an `Address`-type based
     on matching builtin python data-structures which we adhoc
@@ -283,7 +137,7 @@ def wrap_address(
     if is_wrapped_addr(addr):
         return addr
 
-    cls: Type|None = None
+    cls: _AddressType|None = None
     # if 'sock' in addr[0]:
     #     import pdbp; pdbp.set_trace()
     match addr:
@@ -327,13 +181,13 @@ def wrap_address(
             |
             [None, None]
         ):
-            cls: Type[Address] = get_address_cls(_def_tpt_proto)
+            cls = get_address_cls(_def_tpt_proto)
             addr: UnwrappedAddress = cls.get_root().unwrap()
 
         # multiaddr-format string, e.g.
         # '/ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/1616'
         case str() if addr.startswith('/'):
-            from tractor.discovery._multiaddr import (
+            from tractor.net import (
                 parse_maddr,
             )
             return parse_maddr(addr)
@@ -353,7 +207,7 @@ def wrap_address(
 
 def default_lo_addrs(
     transports: list[str],
-) -> list[Type[Address]]:
+) -> list[UnwrappedAddress]:
     '''
     Return the default, host-singleton, registry address
     for an input transport key set.

tractor/discovery/_multiaddr.py

@@ -27,24 +27,15 @@ Multiaddress support using the upstream `py-multiaddr` lib
 from __future__ import annotations
 import ipaddress
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import (
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-    Any,
+
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
+from .types import AddressDeclaration
-)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     # NOTE, `multiaddr` is lazy-imported at first use
     # (in the fns below) to keep it off the eager
     # `import tractor` path (gh #470).
     from multiaddr import Multiaddr
-    from tractor.discovery._addr import Address
-    from tractor.discovery._tunnel import (
-        TunnelledAddress,
-    )
-else:
-    Multiaddr = Any
-    Address = Any
-    TunnelledAddress = Any
 
 # map from tractor-internal `proto_key` identifiers
 # to the standard multiaddr protocol name strings.
@@ -61,7 +52,7 @@ _maddr_to_tpt_proto: dict[str, str] = {
 
 
 def mk_maddr(
-    addr: 'Address|TunnelledAddress',
+    addr: AddressDeclaration,
 ) -> Multiaddr:
     '''
     Construct a `Multiaddr` from a tractor `Address` instance,
@@ -71,7 +62,7 @@ def mk_maddr(
     '''
     from multiaddr import Multiaddr
 
-    from ._tunnel import (
+    from tractor.net._tunnel import (
         TunnelledAddress,
         mk_wg_maddr,
     )
@@ -111,7 +102,7 @@ def mk_maddr(
 
 def parse_maddr(
     maddr_str: str,
-) -> 'Address|TunnelledAddress':
+) -> AddressDeclaration:
     '''
     Parse a multiaddr string into a tractor `Address`.
 
@@ -130,7 +121,7 @@ def parse_maddr(
         # fails. Pre-checking the raw string would misclassify valid
         # values such as `/unix/tmp/wg/service.sock`.
         if '/wg/' in maddr_str:
-            from ._tunnel import _wg_proto_code
+            from tractor.net._tunnel import _wg_proto_code
             _wg_proto_code()
         raise
     proto_names: list[str] = [
@@ -156,7 +147,7 @@ def parse_maddr(
             )
 
         case _ if 'wg' in proto_names:
-            from ._tunnel import parse_wg_maddr
+            from tractor.net._tunnel import parse_wg_maddr
             return parse_wg_maddr(maddr)
 
         case _:
@@ -173,15 +164,15 @@ def parse_maddr(
 # or raw unwrapped-address tuples (as accepted by
 # `wrap_address()`).
 EndpointsTable = dict[
-    str,                    # actor/service name
+    str,  # actor/service name
-    list[str|tuple],        # maddr strs or UnwrappedAddress
+    list[str|tuple|AddressDeclaration],
 ]
 
 # output table: actor/service name -> list of wrapped address
 # declarations ready for bindspace handling.
 ParsedEndpoints = dict[
-    str,                    # actor/service name
+    str,  # actor/service name
-    list['Address|TunnelledAddress'],
+    list[AddressDeclaration],
 ]
 
 

tractor/discovery/types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# tractor: structured concurrent "actors".
+# Copyright 2018-eternity Tyler Goodlet.
+
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public
+# License along with this program.  If not, see
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+'''
+Dependency-neutral address typing declarations.
+
+Keep this module independent of concrete IPC transports, actor
+runtime models, network resources, tunnels, and optional
+dependencies.
+
+'''
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    ClassVar,
+    Literal,
+    Protocol,
+    TypeAlias,
+)
+
+
+# TODO, maybe breakout the netns key to a struct?
+# class NetNs(Struct)[str, int]:
+#     ...
+
+# TODO, can't we just use a type alias
+# for this? namely just some `tuple[str, int, str, str]`?
+#
+# -[ ] would also just be simpler to keep this as
+#     SockAddr[tuple] or something, implying it's just a simple pair
+#     of values which can presumably be mapped to all transports?
+# -[ ] `pydoc socket.socket.getsockname()` delivers a 4-tuple for
+#     ipv6 `(hostaddr, port, flowinfo, scope_id)`.. so how should we
+#     handle that?
+# -[ ] as a further alternative to this wrap()/unwrap() approach we
+#     could just implement `enc/dec_hook()`s for the `Address`-types
+#     and just deal with our internal objs directly and always and
+#     leave it to the codec layer to figure out marshalling?
+#    |_ would mean only one spot to do the `.unwrap()` (which we may
+#       end up needing to call from the hook()s anyway?)
+# -[x] rename to `UnwrappedAddress[Descriptor]` ??
+#    seems like the right name as per the GeeksForGeeks article,
+#    "Introduction to Address Descriptor".
+#
+TaggedTCPAddress: TypeAlias = tuple[
+    Literal['tcp'],
+    str,
+    int,
+]
+TaggedUnixAddress: TypeAlias = tuple[
+    Literal['unix'],
+    str,
+]
+TaggedUDSAlias: TypeAlias = tuple[
+    Literal['uds'],
+    str,
+]
+TaggedAddress: TypeAlias = (
+    TaggedTCPAddress
+    |TaggedUnixAddress
+)
+
+# Input-only compatibility forms retained for older callers and
+# serialized payloads.
+LegacyTCPAddress: TypeAlias = tuple[str, int]
+LegacyUDSAddress: TypeAlias = tuple[str, str]
+LegacyUnwrappedAddress: TypeAlias = (
+    LegacyTCPAddress
+    |LegacyUDSAddress
+)
+UnwrappedAddress = TaggedAddress
+
+
+class AddressDeclaration(Protocol):
+    '''
+    Common instance shape of plain and tunnelled addresses.
+
+    This protocol deliberately excludes transport registration and
+    listener operations. A tunnel declaration delegates these address
+    properties to its innermost concrete transport address.
+
+    '''
+    @property
+    def proto_key(self) -> str:
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def namespace(self) -> tuple[str, str|int]|None:
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def bindspace(self) -> str|Path:
+        ...
+
+    def unwrap(self) -> UnwrappedAddress:
+        ...
+
+
+# TODO, maybe rename to `SocketAddress`?
+class Address(Protocol):
+    '''
+    Concrete address contract used by IPC transport backends.
+
+    Unlike `AddressDeclaration`, transport registries require
+    class-level protocol metadata. Transport-specific factories stay
+    on their concrete address classes because their descriptor and
+    bindspace inputs differ.
+
+    '''
+    proto_key: ClassVar[str]
+    unwrapped_type: ClassVar[type]
+
+    # TODO, i feel like an `.is_bound()` is a better thing to
+    # support?
+    # Lke, what use does this have besides a noop and if it's not
+    # valid why aren't we erroring on creation/use?
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        ...
+
+    # TODO, maybe `.netns` is a better name?
+    @property
+    def namespace(self) -> tuple[str, str|int]|None:
+        '''
+        The if-available, OS-specific "network namespace" key.
+
+        '''
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def bindspace(self) -> str|Path:
+        '''
+        Deliver the address' transport-specific bindable space.
+
+        '''
+        ...
+
+    def unwrap(self) -> UnwrappedAddress:
+        '''
+        Deliver the underlying primitive address descriptor.
+
+        '''
+        ...
+
+__all__ = (
+    'Address',
+    'AddressDeclaration',
+    'LegacyTCPAddress',
+    'LegacyUDSAddress',
+    'LegacyUnwrappedAddress',
+    'TaggedAddress',
+    'TaggedTCPAddress',
+    'TaggedUDSAlias',
+    'TaggedUnixAddress',
+    'UnwrappedAddress',
+)

tractor/ipc/_chan.py

@@ -43,12 +43,11 @@ from ._types import (
 from tractor.discovery._addr import (
     is_wrapped_addr,
     wrap_address,
-    Address,
-    UnwrappedAddress,
 )
-from tractor.discovery._tunnel import (
+from tractor.discovery.types import (
-    TunnelledAddress,
+    Address,
-    strip_tunnels,
+    AddressDeclaration,
+    UnwrappedAddress,
 )
 from tractor.log import get_logger
 from tractor._exceptions import (
@@ -186,10 +185,12 @@ class Channel:
     @classmethod
     async def from_addr(
         cls,
-        addr: UnwrappedAddress|Address|TunnelledAddress,
+        addr: UnwrappedAddress|AddressDeclaration,
         **kwargs
     ) -> Channel:
 
+        from tractor.net._tunnel import strip_tunnels
+
         if not is_wrapped_addr(addr):
             addr = wrap_address(addr)
 
@@ -556,7 +557,7 @@ class Channel:
 
 @acm
 async def _connect_chan(
-    addr: UnwrappedAddress|Address|TunnelledAddress,
+    addr: UnwrappedAddress|AddressDeclaration,
     close_timeout: float|None = None,
 ) -> typing.AsyncGenerator[Channel, None]:
     '''

tractor/ipc/_server.py

@@ -59,8 +59,10 @@ from ..msg import (
 from ..trionics import maybe_open_nursery
 from ..runtime import _state
 from .. import log
-from ..discovery._addr import (
+from ..discovery._addr import get_address_cls
+from ..discovery.types import (
     Address,
+    AddressDeclaration,
     UnwrappedAddress,
 )
 from ._chan import Channel
@@ -68,7 +70,6 @@ from ._transport import MsgTransport
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from ..discovery._tunnel import TunnelledAddress
     from ..runtime._runtime import Actor
     from ..runtime._supervise import ActorNursery
 
@@ -631,7 +632,7 @@ class Endpoint(Struct):
 
     '''
     addr: Address
-    declared_addr: Address|TunnelledAddress
+    declared_addr: AddressDeclaration
     listen_tn: Nursery
     stream_handler_tn: Nursery|None = None
 
@@ -689,7 +690,8 @@ class Endpoint(Struct):
             !=
             self.addr.unwrap()
         ):
-            self.addr=self.addr.from_addr(unwrapped)
+            address_type = get_address_cls(self.addr.proto_key)
+            self.addr = address_type.from_addr(unwrapped)
 
         self._listener = lstnr
         return lstnr
@@ -991,7 +993,7 @@ class Server(Struct):
         self,
         *,
         accept_addrs: list[
-            UnwrappedAddress|Address|TunnelledAddress
+            UnwrappedAddress|AddressDeclaration
         ]|None = None,
         stream_handler_nursery: Nursery|None = None,
     ) -> list[Endpoint]:
@@ -1075,7 +1077,7 @@ async def _serve_ipc_eps(
     *,
     server: IPCServer,
     stream_handler_tn: Nursery,
-    listen_addrs: list[Address|TunnelledAddress],
+    listen_addrs: list[AddressDeclaration],
 
     task_status: TaskStatus[
         Nursery,
@@ -1091,7 +1093,7 @@ async def _serve_ipc_eps(
     `.cancel_server()` is called.
 
     '''
-    from ..discovery._tunnel import strip_tunnels
+    from ..net._tunnel import strip_tunnels
 
     try:
         listen_tn: Nursery

tractor/ipc/_tcp.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ TCP implementation of tractor.ipc._transport.MsgTransport protocol
 from __future__ import annotations
 import ipaddress
 from typing import (
-    Any,
     ClassVar,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
 )
@@ -37,20 +36,16 @@ from trio import (
 
 from tractor.msg import MsgCodec
 from tractor.log import get_logger
-from tractor.discovery._multiaddr import mk_maddr
 from tractor.ipc._transport import (
     MsgTransport,
     MsgpackTransport,
 )
+from tractor.discovery.types import TaggedTCPAddress
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     # ONLY type-annots, the eager import costs
     # `import tractor` wall-time (gh #470).
     from multiaddr import Multiaddr
-    from tractor.discovery._addr import TaggedTCPAddress
-else:
-    Multiaddr = Any
-    TaggedTCPAddress = Any
 
 
 log = get_logger()
@@ -235,6 +230,8 @@ class MsgpackTCPStream(MsgpackTransport):
 
     @property
     def maddr(self) -> Multiaddr:
+        from tractor.net import mk_maddr
+
         return mk_maddr(self.raddr)
 
     def connected(self) -> bool:

tractor/ipc/_transport.py

@@ -55,9 +55,7 @@ from tractor.msg import (
     types as msgtypes,
     pretty_struct,
 )
-
+from tractor.discovery.types import Address
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from tractor.discovery._addr import Address
 
 log = get_logger()
 

tractor/ipc/_uds.py

@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ except ImportError:
     AF_UNIX = None
 import struct
 from typing import (
-    Any,
     Type,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     ClassVar,
@@ -63,7 +62,6 @@ from trio._highlevel_open_unix_stream import (
 
 from tractor.msg import MsgCodec
 from tractor.log import get_logger
-from tractor.discovery._multiaddr import mk_maddr
 from tractor.ipc._transport import (
     MsgpackTransport,
 )
@@ -72,17 +70,13 @@ from tractor.runtime._state import (
     current_actor,
     is_root_process,
 )
+from tractor.discovery.types import TaggedUnixAddress
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     # ONLY type-annots, the eager import costs
     # `import tractor` wall-time (gh #470).
     from multiaddr import Multiaddr
-    from tractor.discovery._addr import TaggedUnixAddress
     from tractor.runtime._runtime import Actor
-else:
-    Multiaddr = Any
-    Actor = Any
-    TaggedUnixAddress = Any
 
 
 # Platform-specific credential passing constants
@@ -611,6 +605,8 @@ class MsgpackUDSStream(MsgpackTransport):
 
     @property
     def maddr(self) -> Multiaddr|str:
+        from tractor.net import mk_maddr
+
         if not self.raddr:
             return '<unknown-peer>'
 

tractor/msg/__init__.py

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ from .pretty_struct import (
     Struct as Struct,
 )
 from ._local import (
+    FrozenProcessLocal as FrozenProcessLocal,
     ProcessLocal as ProcessLocal,
 )
 from ._codec import (

tractor/msg/_local.py

@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ class _ProcessLocalToken:
     '''
     Unsupported msgspec value embedded in every `ProcessLocal`.
 
+    A sentinel is one private, unique object used as an identity
+    marker instead of application data. Every `ProcessLocal` holds
+    the same `_PROCESS_LOCAL_TOKEN` instance so construction can
+    verify it by identity and msgspec must encounter its unsupported
+    type on encode.
+
     '''
     __slots__ = ()
 
@@ -40,15 +46,71 @@ class ProcessLocal(
     repr_omit_defaults=True,
 ):
     '''
-    Generic struct marker which rejects default msgspec encoding.
+    Struct whose `_process_local` field blocks msgspec encoding.
 
-    The hidden sentinel remains part of the encoded field set, so
+    `_process_local` must remain the unsupported singleton
-    msgspec encounters `_ProcessLocalToken` and raises `TypeError`
+    `_PROCESS_LOCAL_TOKEN`. Msgspec reaches that field during direct
-    even when this value is nested inside another supported payload.
+    or nested encoding and raises `TypeError`; replacing it with an
-    A custom encode hook may explicitly override that safeguard.
+    encodable value or omitting its default would bypass the guard.
+    A custom encode hook may still explicitly override the safeguard.
+
+    Construction therefore rejects a replacement sentinel and any
+    subclass configured with `omit_defaults=True`. A subclass
+    `__post_init__()` is wrapped with checks before and after its
+    body, preventing that hook from skipping or later replacing the
+    sentinel.
 
     Keyword-only fields let subclasses add required fields after the
     marker's default sentinel.
 
     '''
     _process_local: _ProcessLocalToken = _PROCESS_LOCAL_TOKEN
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: object) -> None:
+        '''
+        Check the sentinel around a subclass post-init hook.
+
+        '''
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+        subclass_post_init = cls.__dict__.get('__post_init__')
+        if subclass_post_init is None:
+            return
+
+        def checked_post_init(self: ProcessLocal) -> None:
+            ProcessLocal.__post_init__(self)
+            subclass_post_init(self)
+            ProcessLocal.__post_init__(self)
+
+        cls.__post_init__ = checked_post_init
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        '''
+        Require the singleton sentinel and forbid default omission.
+
+        '''
+        if self._process_local is not _PROCESS_LOCAL_TOKEN:
+            raise TypeError(
+                '`ProcessLocal._process_local` must retain its '
+                'internal sentinel'
+            )
+
+        if self.__struct_config__.omit_defaults:
+            raise TypeError(
+                '`ProcessLocal` subclasses may not enable '
+                '`omit_defaults`'
+            )
+
+
+class FrozenProcessLocal(
+    ProcessLocal,
+    frozen=True,
+):
+    '''
+    Frozen `ProcessLocal` whose struct fields reject reassignment.
+
+    The inherited `_process_local` sentinel still blocks direct and
+    nested encoding. Freezing is shallow: struct fields cannot be
+    replaced, while mutable objects referenced by those fields retain
+    their own mutation semantics.
+
+    '''

tractor/net/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# tractor: structured concurrent "actors".
+# Copyright 2018-eternity Tyler Goodlet.
+
+'''
+Network declarations, bindspaces and tunnels.
+
+Public symbols are imported and cached on first access so importing
+this package does not load optional network dependencies.
+
+'''
+from importlib import import_module
+
+
+_SYMBOL_MODULES: dict[str, str] = {
+    'Bindspace': '._bindspace',
+    'BindspaceKind': '._bindspace',
+    'BindspaceLifecycle': '._bindspace',
+    'BindspaceOwnership': '._bindspace',
+    'BindspaceRef': '._bindspace',
+    'BindspaceSpec': '._bindspace',
+    'CURRENT_NETNS': '._bindspace',
+    'attach_netns': '._bindspace',
+    'open_bindspace': '._bindspace',
+    'open_netns': '._bindspace',
+    'TunnelledAddress': '._tunnel',
+    'TunnelSpec': '._tunnel',
+    'WGTunnelSpec': '._tunnel',
+    'WGInterfaceConfig': '._tunnel',
+    'WGPeerConfig': '._tunnel',
+    'WGRole': '._tunnel',
+    'mb_pubkey': '._tunnel',
+    'mk_wg_maddr': '._tunnel',
+    'open_wg_bindspace': '._tunnel',
+    'open_wg_iface': '._tunnel',
+    'parse_wg_maddr': '._tunnel',
+    'read_wg_peers': '._tunnel',
+    'read_wg_pubkey': '._tunnel',
+    'strip_tunnels': '._tunnel',
+    'tunnels_of': '._tunnel',
+    'verify_wg_peer': '._tunnel',
+    'wg8_pubkey': '._tunnel',
+    'mk_maddr': '..discovery._multiaddr',
+    'parse_maddr': '..discovery._multiaddr',
+    'parse_endpoints': '..discovery._multiaddr',
+}
+
+__all__: tuple[str, ...] = tuple(_SYMBOL_MODULES)
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    '''
+    Advertise the complete lazy public API.
+
+    '''
+    return sorted(set(globals()) | set(__all__))
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> object:
+    '''
+    Import and cache one public network symbol on first access.
+
+    '''
+    try:
+        module_name: str = _SYMBOL_MODULES[name]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise AttributeError(
+            f'module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}'
+        ) from None
+
+    value: object = getattr(
+        import_module(module_name, __name__),
+        name,
+    )
+    globals()[name] = value
+    return value

tractor/net/_bindspace.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ BindspaceOwnership: TypeAlias = Literal[
 ]
 
 _NETNS_RUN_DIR: Path = Path('/var/run/netns')
-_SELF_NETNS: Path = Path('/proc/self/ns/net')
+_THREAD_NETNS: Path = Path('/proc/thread-self/ns/net')
 
 CURRENT_NETNS: Final[None] = None
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class BindspaceSpec(
     Serializable declaration of one requested bindspace.
 
     For a netns spec, `.key = CURRENT_NETNS` selects the calling
-    process's current namespace without a named-path lookup.
+    thread's current namespace without a named-path lookup.
 
     '''
     kind: BindspaceKind
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class Bindspace(
     '''
     spec: BindspaceSpec
     ref: BindspaceRef
-    namespace_fd: int|None
+    namespace_fd: int
     ownership: BindspaceOwnership
 
     def __post_init__(self) -> None:
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class Bindspace(
         '''
         spec: BindspaceSpec = self.spec
         ref: BindspaceRef = self.ref
-        namespace_fd: int|None = self.namespace_fd
+        namespace_fd: int = self.namespace_fd
         ownership: BindspaceOwnership = self.ownership
 
         if spec.kind != ref.kind:
@@ -237,21 +237,20 @@ class Bindspace(
                 f'`BindspaceSpec.lifecycle={spec.lifecycle!r}` '
                 f'requires ownership={expected_ownership!r}!'
             )
-        if namespace_fd is not None:
+        if (
-            if (
+            type(namespace_fd) is not int
-                type(namespace_fd) is not int
+            or
-                or
+            namespace_fd < 0
-                namespace_fd < 0
+        ):
-            ):
+            raise ValueError(
-                raise ValueError(
+                '`namespace_fd` must be a non-negative `int`!'
-                    '`namespace_fd` must be non-negative or `None`!'
+            )
-                )
+        fd_inode: int = os.fstat(namespace_fd).st_ino
-            fd_inode: int = os.fstat(namespace_fd).st_ino
+        if ref.inode != fd_inode:
-            if ref.inode != fd_inode:
+            raise ValueError(
-                raise ValueError(
+                f'Namespace FD inode {fd_inode} does not match '
-                    f'Namespace FD inode {fd_inode} does not match '
+                f'reference inode {ref.inode}!'
-                    f'reference inode {ref.inode}!'
+            )
-                )
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         '''
@@ -277,7 +276,7 @@ async def _pin_netns(
     '''
     key: str|None = spec.key
     namespace_path: Path = (
-        _SELF_NETNS
+        _THREAD_NETNS
         if key is CURRENT_NETNS
         else _NETNS_RUN_DIR / key
     )

tractor/net/_tunnel.py

@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ Tunnelled addresses: an `Address` that rides *inside* a tunnel.
 A tunnel (`wg`, and later plain ip-in-udp, `veth`-in-netns, ..) is
 **not** a `MsgTransport`. Its data plane is transparent to the
 application's `socket(2)`, so it never gets its own entry in
-`._addr._address_types` nor a `MsgpackTransport` impl. Instead it
+`tractor.discovery._addr._address_types` nor a `MsgpackTransport`
+impl. Instead it
 *annotates* an existing L4 addr, and this module carries that
 annotation beside it.
 
@@ -92,6 +93,11 @@ import multibase
 import trio
 
 from ..msg._local import ProcessLocal
+from ..discovery.types import (
+    Address,
+    AddressDeclaration,
+    UnwrappedAddress,
+)
 from ._bindspace import (
     Bindspace,
     BindspaceRef,
@@ -102,16 +108,6 @@ from ._bindspace import (
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from multiaddr import Multiaddr
 
-    from ._addr import (
-        Address,
-        UnwrappedAddress,
-    )
-else:
-    Address = Any
-    Multiaddr = Any
-    UnwrappedAddress = Any
-
-
 class WGTunnelSpec(
     msgspec.Struct,
     frozen=True,
@@ -483,7 +479,7 @@ def _sync_create_wg_iface(
             '`tractor[wg]` extra.'
         ) from exc
 
-    namespace_fd: int|None = bindspace.namespace_fd
+    namespace_fd: int = bindspace.namespace_fd
     ipr: Any = IPRoute(
         netns=namespace_fd,
         flags=0,
@@ -878,7 +874,7 @@ class TunnelledAddress(
     `strip_tunnels()`.
 
     '''
-    overlay: Address|TunnelledAddress
+    overlay: AddressDeclaration
     tunnel: TunnelSpec
     bindspace_ref: BindspaceRef|None = None
 
@@ -1055,8 +1051,8 @@ def parse_wg_maddr(
     ]
     match overlay_names:
         case [('ip4' | 'ip6'), 'tcp']:
-            from ._multiaddr import parse_maddr
+            from ..discovery._multiaddr import parse_maddr
-            overlay: Address|TunnelledAddress = parse_maddr(
+            overlay: AddressDeclaration = parse_maddr(
                 str(overlay_ma)
             )
 
@@ -1161,7 +1157,7 @@ def mk_wg_maddr(
         f'/wg/{mb_pubkey(addr.tunnel.peer_pubkey)}'
     )
 
-    from ._multiaddr import mk_maddr
+    from ..discovery._multiaddr import mk_maddr
     overlay_ma: Multiaddr = mk_maddr(addr.overlay)
     return (
         bearer_ma
@@ -1171,7 +1167,7 @@ def mk_wg_maddr(
 
 
 def strip_tunnels(
-    addr: Address|TunnelledAddress,
+    addr: AddressDeclaration,
 ) -> Address:
     '''
     Deliver the bindable `Address`, peeling any tunnel
@@ -1190,7 +1186,7 @@ def strip_tunnels(
 
 
 def tunnels_of(
-    addr: Address|TunnelledAddress,
+    addr: AddressDeclaration,
 ) -> tuple[TunnelSpec, ...]:
     '''
     Deliver every tunnel spec wrapping `addr`, outermost first.

tractor/runtime/_runtime.py

@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ import sys
 from typing import (
     Any,
     Callable,
-    Type,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
 )
 import uuid
@@ -1684,10 +1683,10 @@ async def async_main(
                     [_state._def_tpt_proto]
                 )
                 for transport_key in enable_transports:
-                    transport_cls: Type[Address] = get_address_cls(
+                    address_type = get_address_cls(
                         transport_key
                     )
-                    addr: Address = transport_cls.get_random()
+                    addr: Address = address_type.get_random()
                     accept_addrs.append(addr.unwrap())
 
         # XXX, either passed in by caller or delivered

tractor/runtime/_supervise.py

@@ -18,12 +18,16 @@
 ``trio`` inspired apis and helpers
 
 """
-from contextlib import asynccontextmanager as acm
+from contextlib import (
+    asynccontextmanager as acm,
+    ExitStack,
+)
 from functools import partial
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
 )
 import typing
+import sys
 import warnings
 
 import trio
@@ -36,6 +40,7 @@ from ..devx import (
 from ..discovery._addr import (
     UnwrappedAddress,
     mk_uuid,
+    wrap_address,
 )
 from ._state import (
     current_actor,
@@ -65,6 +70,7 @@ from ..spawn import _spawn
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import multiprocessing as mp
+    from ..net._bindspace import Bindspace
     # from ..ipc._server import IPCServer
     from ..ipc import IPCServer
     from ..spawn._spawn import ProcessType
@@ -73,6 +79,22 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 log = get_logger()
 
 
+def _validate_spawn_address(addr: UnwrappedAddress) -> None:
+    '''
+    Require the canonical tagged address boundary for spawn routing.
+
+    '''
+    valid = False
+    if type(addr) is tuple:
+        match addr:
+            case ('tcp', str() as host, port):
+                valid = bool(host) and type(port) is int and 0 < port < 65536
+            case ('unix', str() as path):
+                valid = bool(path) and '\0' not in path
+    if not valid or wrap_address(addr).unwrap() != addr:
+        raise ValueError(f'Expected a canonical UnwrappedAddress, got {addr!r}')
+
+
 async def _try_cancel_then_kill(
     portal: Portal,
     # `ProcessType` is `TYPE_CHECKING`-only (defined under that
@@ -419,6 +441,9 @@ class ActorNursery:
         *,
 
         bind_addrs: list[UnwrappedAddress]|None = None,
+        bindspace: 'Bindspace|None' = None,
+        parent_addr: UnwrappedAddress|None = None,
+        registry_addrs: list[UnwrappedAddress]|None = None,
         rpc_module_paths: list[str]|None = None,
         enable_transports: list[str] = [_state._def_tpt_proto],
         enable_modules: list[str]|None = None,
@@ -433,6 +458,12 @@ class ActorNursery:
         Start a (daemon) actor: an process that has no designated
         "main task" besides the runtime.
 
+        `parent_addr` selects one canonical live supervisor listener;
+        `registry_addrs` replaces registrar inheritance for this child.
+        Both must remain reachable from the child's target netns. A
+        filesystem UDS is the usual cross-netns bootstrap transport.
+        Omitted `bindspace` on Linux/Trio pins the calling task's netns.
+
         Pass ``inherit_parent_main=False`` to keep this child on its
         own bootstrap module for the trio spawn backend instead of
         applying the parent ``__main__`` re-exec fixup during startup.
@@ -476,6 +507,27 @@ class ActorNursery:
             )
             enable_modules.extend(rpc_module_paths)
 
+        if parent_addr is None:
+            parent_addr = self._actor.accept_addr
+        else:
+            _validate_spawn_address(parent_addr)
+            if parent_addr not in self._actor.accept_addrs:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f'parent_addr {parent_addr!r} must name a live '
+                    'supervisor listener'
+                )
+        assert parent_addr
+
+        if registry_addrs is None:
+            selected_reg_addrs = list(current_actor().reg_addrs)
+        else:
+            if type(registry_addrs) is not list or not registry_addrs:
+                raise ValueError('registry_addrs must be a non-empty list')
+            for addr in registry_addrs:
+                _validate_spawn_address(addr)
+            selected_reg_addrs = list(registry_addrs)
+        _rtv['_registry_addrs'] = list(selected_reg_addrs)
+
         subactor = Actor(
             name=name,
             uuid=mk_uuid(),
@@ -486,28 +538,41 @@ class ActorNursery:
             inherit_parent_main=inherit_parent_main,
 
             # verbatim relay this actor's registrar addresses
-            registry_addrs=current_actor().registry_addrs,
+            # Populate child-local state below: Actor construction with
+            # registry_addrs publishes into this process's runtime vars.
         )
-        parent_addr: UnwrappedAddress = self._actor.accept_addr
+        subactor.reg_addrs = selected_reg_addrs
-        assert parent_addr
 
         # start a task to spawn a process
         # blocks until process has been started and a portal setup
         # XXX: the type ignore is actually due to a `mypy` bug
-        return await self._da_nursery.start(  # type: ignore
+        with ExitStack() as scope:
-            partial(
+            if (
-                _spawn.new_proc,
+                bindspace is None
-                name,
+                and sys.platform == 'linux'
-                self,
+                and _spawn._spawn_method == 'trio'
-                subactor,
+            ):
-                self.errors,
+                from ..spawn._netns import pin_current_netns
-                bind_addrs,
+
-                parent_addr,
+                # Capture on the calling actor task before nursery.start()
-                _rtv,  # run time vars
+                # checkpoints or any subprocess worker can choose a netns.
-                infect_asyncio=infect_asyncio,
+                bindspace = scope.enter_context(pin_current_netns())
-                proc_kwargs=proc_kwargs
+
+            return await self._da_nursery.start(  # type: ignore
+                partial(
+                    _spawn.new_proc,
+                    name,
+                    self,
+                    subactor,
+                    self.errors,
+                    bind_addrs,
+                    parent_addr,
+                    _rtv,  # run time vars
+                    bindspace=bindspace,
+                    infect_asyncio=infect_asyncio,
+                    proc_kwargs=proc_kwargs
+                )
             )
-        )
 
     # @api_frame
     async def cancel(

tractor/spawn/_entry.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ Sub-process entry points.
 from __future__ import annotations
 from functools import partial
 import multiprocessing as mp
+import os
 from typing import (
     Any,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ from ..runtime._runtime import (
     async_main,
     Actor,
 )
+from ._netns import enter_netns
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ._spawn import SpawnMethodKey
@@ -56,6 +58,57 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 log = get_logger()
 
 
+def _consume_netns_bootstrap(
+    netns_bootstrap: tuple[int, int, int]|None,
+) -> int|None:
+    '''
+    Enter and release one child-owned network namespace capability.
+
+    The FD must be an exclusively child-owned backend duplicate. It is
+    closed whether namespace entry succeeds or fails, before any actor
+    runtime setup can continue.
+
+    '''
+    if netns_bootstrap is None:
+        return None
+
+    namespace_fd: int
+    expected_device: int
+    expected_inode: int
+    namespace_fd, expected_device, expected_inode = netns_bootstrap
+    if (
+        type(namespace_fd) is not int
+        or
+        namespace_fd < 0
+    ):
+        # Let `enter_netns()` report its precise validation error, but
+        # never pass bool/non-int/negative values to `os.close()`.
+        return enter_netns(
+            namespace_fd,
+            expected_device,
+            expected_inode,
+        )
+
+    try:
+        entered_inode: int = enter_netns(
+            namespace_fd,
+            expected_device,
+            expected_inode,
+        )
+    except BaseException as entry_error:
+        try:
+            os.close(namespace_fd)
+        except Exception as close_error:
+            entry_error.add_note(
+                f'Also failed to close inherited namespace FD '
+                f'{namespace_fd}: {close_error!r}'
+            )
+        raise
+    else:
+        os.close(namespace_fd)
+        return entered_inode
+
+
 def _mp_main(
 
     actor: Actor,
@@ -64,12 +117,18 @@ def _mp_main(
     start_method: SpawnMethodKey,
     parent_addr: UnwrappedAddress | None = None,
     infect_asyncio: bool = False,
+    netns_bootstrap: tuple[int, int, int]|None = None,
 
 ) -> None:
     '''
     The routine called *after fork* which invokes a fresh `trio.run()`
 
+    Consume `netns_bootstrap` before multiprocessing or actor-runtime
+    setup. The spawn backend must supply a child-owned FD duplicate.
+
     '''
+    _consume_netns_bootstrap(netns_bootstrap)
+
     actor._forkserver_info = forkserver_info
     from ._spawn import try_set_start_method
     spawn_ctx: mp.context.BaseContext = try_set_start_method(start_method)

tractor/spawn/_mp.py

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ from ._spawn import (
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tractor.net._bindspace import Bindspace
     from tractor.ipc import (
         _server,
     )
@@ -73,12 +74,19 @@ async def mp_proc(
     parent_addr: UnwrappedAddress,
     _runtime_vars: dict[str, Any],  # serialized and sent to _child
     *,
+    bindspace: Bindspace|None = None,
     infect_asyncio: bool = False,
     task_status: TaskStatus[Portal] = trio.TASK_STATUS_IGNORED,
     proc_kwargs: dict[str, any] = {}
 
 ) -> None:
 
+    if bindspace is not None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            'Network namespace bindspace transport is not yet '
+            'supported by multiprocessing spawn backends!'
+        )
+
     # uggh zone
     try:
         from multiprocessing import semaphore_tracker  # type: ignore

tractor/spawn/_netns.py

@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# tractor: structured concurrent "actors".
+# Copyright 2018-eternity Tyler Goodlet.
+
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+'''
+Linux network-namespace actor-bootstrap primitives.
+
+'''
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import (
+    Callable,
+    Iterator,
+)
+from contextlib import contextmanager as cm
+import errno
+from pathlib import Path
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..net._bindspace import Bindspace
+
+
+# `setns(2)` mutates only the calling thread's namespace:
+# https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setns.2.html
+# `/proc/thread-self` addresses the caller's current task:
+# https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/proc_pid_task.5.html
+# Do not use `/proc/self` because it resolves through the process
+# leader.
+_SELF_NETNS: Path = Path('/proc/thread-self/ns/net')
+
+
+def enter_netns(
+    namespace_fd: int,
+    expected_device: int,
+    expected_inode: int,
+) -> int:
+    '''
+    Enter and verify one inherited Linux network namespace.
+
+    The caller owns and closes `namespace_fd`.
+
+    '''
+    if sys.platform != 'linux':
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            'Network namespace entry is Linux-only!'
+        )
+    if (
+        type(namespace_fd) is not int
+        or
+        namespace_fd < 0
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            '`namespace_fd` must be a non-negative `int`!'
+        )
+    if (
+        type(expected_inode) is not int
+        or
+        expected_inode <= 0
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            '`expected_inode` must be a positive `int`!'
+        )
+
+    if type(expected_device) is not int or expected_device < 0:
+        raise ValueError('`expected_device` must be a non-negative `int`!')
+
+    target = os.fstat(namespace_fd)
+    expected = (expected_device, expected_inode)
+    if (target.st_dev, target.st_ino) != expected:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f'Inherited namespace FD identity '
+            f'{(target.st_dev, target.st_ino)} does not '
+            f'match expected identity {expected}!'
+        )
+
+    current = _SELF_NETNS.stat()
+    if (current.st_dev, current.st_ino) == expected:
+        return expected_inode
+
+    setns: Callable[[int, int], None]|None = getattr(
+        os,
+        'setns',
+        None,
+    )
+    clone_newnet: int|None = getattr(
+        os,
+        'CLONE_NEWNET',
+        None,
+    )
+    if (
+        setns is None
+        or
+        clone_newnet is None
+    ):
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            'Python has no Linux network namespace entry support!'
+        )
+
+    try:
+        setns(namespace_fd, clone_newnet)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f'Could not enter network namespace inode '
+            f'{expected_inode}!'
+        ) from exc
+
+    entered = _SELF_NETNS.stat()
+    entered_inode: int = entered.st_ino
+    if (entered.st_dev, entered_inode) != expected:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f'Entered network namespace identity '
+            f'{(entered.st_dev, entered_inode)} does not '
+            f'match expected identity {expected}!'
+        )
+
+    return entered_inode
+
+
+@cm
+def close_fd(
+    owned_fd: int,
+    fd_name: str,
+) -> Iterator[None]:
+    '''
+    Close one owned netns FD without masking a prior error.
+
+    '''
+    operation: str = (
+        f'close owned {fd_name} netns FD {owned_fd}'
+    )
+    try:
+        yield
+    except BaseException as primary_error:
+        try:
+            os.close(owned_fd)
+        except BaseException as close_error:
+            primary_error.add_note(
+                f'Also failed to {operation}: {close_error!r}'
+            )
+        raise primary_error
+    else:
+        try:
+            os.close(owned_fd)
+        except BaseException as close_error:
+            close_error.add_note(
+                f'Failed to {operation} during root netns cleanup.'
+            )
+            raise close_error
+
+
+@cm
+def dup_fd(
+    source_fd: int,
+) -> Iterator[int]:
+    '''
+    Duplicate and own the target netns FD for this context.
+
+    '''
+    try:
+        owned_fd: int = os.dup(source_fd)
+    except OSError as dup_error:
+        if dup_error.errno != errno.EBADF:
+            raise dup_error
+        raise ValueError(
+            '`bindspace.namespace_fd` does not reference '
+            'a live FD!'
+        ) from dup_error
+
+    with close_fd(owned_fd, 'target'):
+        yield owned_fd
+
+
+@cm
+def _enter_netns_temporarily(
+    bindspace: Bindspace|None,
+) -> Iterator[int|None]:
+    '''
+    Enter a root bindspace and restore the caller thread's netns.
+
+    Internal synchronous primitive only. Never surround a Trio
+    checkpoint with this scope: entry changes only the calling thread.
+    The former async root adapter has been removed.
+
+    Only descriptors opened or duplicated by this context are used
+    for validation, entry and restoration. Since `setns()` is
+    thread-local, this synchronous context performs no checkpoints
+    around either transition.
+
+    '''
+    if bindspace is None:
+        yield None
+        return
+
+    if sys.platform != 'linux':
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            'Network namespace entry is Linux-only!'
+        )
+
+    namespace_fd: int = bindspace.namespace_fd
+    if (
+        type(namespace_fd) is not int
+        or
+        namespace_fd < 0
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            '`bindspace.namespace_fd` must be a live '
+            'non-negative FD!'
+        )
+
+    # Borrow `Bindspace.namespace_fd`; duplicate it so this context
+    # owns target cleanup and cannot close the caller's capability.
+    # Nested FD scopes aggregate later close failures as notes on the
+    # first body, restoration or cleanup error.
+    with dup_fd(namespace_fd) as tgt_fd:
+        tgt_stat: os.stat_result = os.fstat(tgt_fd)
+        tgt_inode: int = bindspace.ref.inode
+        if tgt_stat.st_ino != tgt_inode:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'Target namespace FD inode '
+                f'{tgt_stat.st_ino} does '
+                f'not match bindspace inode {tgt_inode}!'
+            )
+
+        # Capture the calling thread's current netns before any
+        # transition. It need not be the process's initial netns. This
+        # context owns the snapshot FD even when no transition is
+        # needed, so keep it live through restoration and always close
+        # it afterward.
+        orig_fd = os.open(
+            _SELF_NETNS,
+            os.O_RDONLY | os.O_CLOEXEC,
+        )
+        with close_fd(orig_fd, 'original'):
+            orig_stat: os.stat_result = os.fstat(orig_fd)
+            orig_inode: int = orig_stat.st_ino
+            restore_needed: bool = (
+                tgt_stat.st_dev != orig_stat.st_dev
+                or
+                tgt_inode != orig_inode
+            )
+            try:
+                if restore_needed:
+                    enter_netns(
+                        tgt_fd,
+                        tgt_stat.st_dev,
+                        tgt_inode,
+                    )
+
+                yield tgt_inode
+
+            except BaseException as primary_error:
+                if restore_needed:
+                    try:
+                        enter_netns(
+                            orig_fd,
+                            orig_stat.st_dev,
+                            orig_inode,
+                        )
+                    except BaseException as restore_error:
+                        primary_error.add_note(
+                            'Also failed to restore the original '
+                            'network namespace: '
+                            f'{restore_error!r}'
+                        )
+                raise primary_error
+
+            if restore_needed:
+                try:
+                    enter_netns(
+                        orig_fd,
+                        orig_stat.st_dev,
+                        orig_inode,
+                    )
+                except BaseException as restore_error:
+                    restore_error.add_note(
+                        'Failed to restore the original network '
+                        'namespace during root netns cleanup.'
+                    )
+                    raise restore_error
+
+
+@cm
+def pin_current_netns() -> Iterator[Bindspace]:
+    '''
+    Pin the calling task's netns synchronously, without entering it.
+
+    '''
+    from ..net._bindspace import Bindspace, BindspaceRef, BindspaceSpec
+
+    namespace_fd = os.open(_SELF_NETNS, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_CLOEXEC)
+    with close_fd(namespace_fd, 'calling task'):
+        yield Bindspace(
+            spec=BindspaceSpec(kind='netns'),
+            ref=BindspaceRef(
+                kind='netns',
+                key=None,
+                inode=os.fstat(namespace_fd).st_ino,
+            ),
+            namespace_fd=namespace_fd,
+            ownership='borrowed',
+        )

tractor/spawn/_spawn.py

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from typing import (
 import trio
 from trio import TaskStatus
 
+from .._exceptions import ActorFailure
 from ..devx import debug
 from tractor.runtime._state import (
     _runtime_vars,
@@ -49,7 +50,9 @@ from tractor.msg import types as msgtypes
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tractor.net._bindspace import Bindspace
     from tractor.ipc import (
+        _server,
         Channel,
     )
     from tractor.runtime._supervise import ActorNursery
@@ -81,6 +84,101 @@ else:
         await trio.lowlevel.wait_readable(proc.sentinel)
 
 
+async def wait_for_peer_or_proc_death(
+    ipc_server: _server.Server,
+    uid: tuple[str, str],
+    proc_wait: Callable[[], Awaitable[int]],
+    proc_repr: object = '',
+) -> tuple[trio.Event, Channel]:
+    '''
+    Race a child handshake against process death during bootstrap.
+
+    A child can exit before connecting to its parent. Waiting only on
+    `IPCServer.wait_for_peer()` would then park its spawning task and
+    leave the dead process unreaped. Run both waits in one nursery and
+    let either completed result cancel its sibling.
+
+    Return the normal peer event and channel when the handshake wins.
+    Raise `ActorFailure` with the process status when death wins.
+
+    Adapted from goodboy's Claude Code-assisted implementation in
+    commit `3b0724eba85b4014170ed95773e1e41a60d5c513`.
+
+    '''
+    handshake: tuple[trio.Event, Channel]|None = None
+    handshake_error: BaseException|None = None
+    returncode: int|None = None
+    death_error: BaseException|None = None
+
+    async def wait_for_handshake() -> None:
+        '''
+        Publish a connected peer before cancelling the death waiter.
+
+        '''
+        nonlocal handshake
+        nonlocal handshake_error
+        try:
+            handshake = await ipc_server.wait_for_peer(uid)
+        except trio.Cancelled:
+            if (
+                returncode is not None
+                or
+                death_error is not None
+            ):
+                log.debug(
+                    'Peer-handshake waiter cancelled after '
+                    f'process wait completed for {uid!r}'
+                )
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            handshake_error = exc
+        nursery.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+    async def wait_for_death() -> None:
+        '''
+        Publish child exit before cancelling the handshake waiter.
+
+        '''
+        nonlocal returncode
+        nonlocal death_error
+        try:
+            returncode = await proc_wait()
+        except trio.Cancelled:
+            if (
+                handshake is not None
+                or
+                handshake_error is not None
+            ):
+                log.debug(
+                    'Process-death waiter cancelled after '
+                    f'peer wait completed for {uid!r}'
+                )
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            death_error = exc
+        nursery.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+    async with trio.open_nursery() as nursery:
+        nursery.start_soon(wait_for_handshake)
+        nursery.start_soon(wait_for_death)
+
+    if handshake_error is not None:
+        raise handshake_error
+    if death_error is not None:
+        raise death_error
+
+    if returncode is not None:
+        raise ActorFailure(
+            f'Sub-actor {uid!r} died during boot '
+            f'(rc={returncode!r}) before completing '
+            f'parent-handshake.\n'
+            f'  proc: {proc_repr}'
+        )
+
+    assert handshake is not None
+    return handshake
+
+
 def try_set_start_method(
     key: SpawnMethodKey
 
@@ -342,6 +440,7 @@ async def new_proc(
 
     *,
 
+    bindspace: Bindspace|None = None,
     infect_asyncio: bool = False,
     task_status: TaskStatus[Portal] = trio.TASK_STATUS_IGNORED,
     proc_kwargs: dict[str, any] = {}
@@ -363,6 +462,7 @@ async def new_proc(
             bind_addrs,
             parent_addr,
             _runtime_vars,  # run time vars
+            bindspace=bindspace,
             infect_asyncio=infect_asyncio,
             task_status=task_status,
             proc_kwargs=proc_kwargs

tractor/spawn/_trio.py

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ Spawns sub-actors as fresh OS processes driven by
 
 '''
 from __future__ import annotations
+import os
 import sys
 from typing import (
     Any,
@@ -51,10 +52,12 @@ from tractor.msg import (
 from ._spawn import (
     hard_kill,
     soft_kill,
+    wait_for_peer_or_proc_death,
 )
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tractor.net._bindspace import Bindspace
     from tractor.ipc import (
         _server,
     )
@@ -75,29 +78,31 @@ async def trio_proc(
     parent_addr: UnwrappedAddress,
     _runtime_vars: dict[str, Any],  # serialized and sent to _child
     *,
+    bindspace: Bindspace|None = None,
     infect_asyncio: bool = False,
     task_status: TaskStatus[Portal] = trio.TASK_STATUS_IGNORED,
     proc_kwargs: dict[str, any] = {}
 
 ) -> None:
     '''
-    Create a new ``Process`` using a "spawn method" as (configured using
+    Create a new ``Process`` using a "spawn method" as (configured
-    ``try_set_start_method()``).
+    using ``try_set_start_method()``).
 
-    This routine should be started in a actor runtime task and the logic
+    This routine should be started in a actor runtime task and the
-    here is to be considered the core supervision strategy.
+    logic here is to be considered the core supervision strategy.
 
     '''
     spawn_cmd = [
         sys.executable,
         "-m",
-        # Hardcode this (instead of using ``_child.__name__`` to avoid a
+        # Hardcode this (instead of using ``_child.__name__`` to
-        # double import warning: https://stackoverflow.com/a/45070583
+        # avoid a double import warning:
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/a/45070583
         "tractor._child",
         # We provide the child's unique identifier on this exec/spawn
-        # line for debugging purposes when viewing the process tree from
+        # line for debugging purposes when viewing the process tree
-        # the OS; it otherwise can be passed via the parent channel if
+        # from the OS; it otherwise can be passed via the parent
-        # we prefer in the future (for privacy).
+        # channel if we prefer in the future (for privacy).
         "--uid",
         # TODO, how to pass this over "wire" encodings like
         # cmdline args?
@@ -115,20 +120,77 @@ async def trio_proc(
         ]
     # Tell child to run in guest mode on top of ``asyncio`` loop
     if infect_asyncio:
-        spawn_cmd.append("--asyncio")
+        spawn_cmd.append('--asyncio')
+
+    child_netns_fd: int|None = None
+    if bindspace is not None:
+        namespace_fd: int = bindspace.namespace_fd
+
+        # Snapshot caller-owned process options before duplicating the
+        # live `Bindspace.namespace_fd`. No checkpoint separates this
+        # setup from `open_process()` below.
+        inherited_fds: tuple[int, ...] = tuple(
+            proc_kwargs.get('pass_fds', ())
+        )
+        proc_kwargs = dict(proc_kwargs)
+        child_netns_fd = os.dup(namespace_fd)
+        try:
+            target_stat = os.fstat(child_netns_fd)
+            netns_bootstrap: tuple[int, int, int] = (
+                # FD number retained in the child's descriptor table.
+                child_netns_fd,
+                # Namespace identity checked before the child enters it.
+                target_stat.st_dev,
+                bindspace.ref.inode,
+            )
+            spawn_cmd.extend((
+                '--netns_bootstrap',
+                str(netns_bootstrap),
+            ))
+
+            # Keep every descriptor requested by the caller and append
+            # the namespace FD needed during child bootstrap.
+            proc_kwargs['pass_fds'] = (
+                *inherited_fds,
+                child_netns_fd,
+            )
+        except BaseException:
+            os.close(child_netns_fd)
+            raise
 
     cancelled_during_spawn: bool = False
     proc: trio.Process|None = None
     ipc_server: _server.Server = actor_nursery._actor.ipc_server
+    peer_event: trio.Event|None = None
+    child_registered: bool = False
     try:
         try:
-            proc: trio.Process = await trio.lowlevel.open_process(spawn_cmd, **proc_kwargs)
+            try:
+                proc: trio.Process = await trio.lowlevel.open_process(
+                    spawn_cmd,
+                    **proc_kwargs,
+                )
+            finally:
+                if child_netns_fd is not None:
+                    # The child now has its own descriptor-table entry.
+                    # Close the temporary entry in the parent process.
+                    os.close(child_netns_fd)
             log.runtime(
                 f'Started new child subproc\n'
                 f'(>\n'
                 f' |_{proc}\n'
             )
 
+            # `ActorNursery.cancel()` may inspect this event as soon
+            # as the provisional child is published below. Register
+            # the event synchronously before
+            # `wait_for_peer_or_proc_death()` opens its nursery and
+            # checkpoints.
+            peer_event = ipc_server._peer_connected.setdefault(
+                subactor.aid.uid,
+                trio.Event(),
+            )
+
             # No `Portal` exists until the IPC handshake returns
             # `chan`. Replace this provisional entry with
             # `Portal(chan)` below.
@@ -141,6 +203,7 @@ async def trio_proc(
                 proc=proc,
                 portal=None,
             )
+            child_registered = True
             if cancel_during_registration:
                 cancelled_during_spawn = True
                 proc.kill()
@@ -152,8 +215,11 @@ async def trio_proc(
             # wait for actor to spawn and connect back to us
             # channel should have handshake completed by the
             # local actor by the time we get a ref to it
-            event, chan = await ipc_server.wait_for_peer(
+            event, chan = await wait_for_peer_or_proc_death(
-                subactor.aid.uid
+                ipc_server=ipc_server,
+                uid=subactor.aid.uid,
+                proc_wait=proc.wait,
+                proc_repr=proc,
             )
 
         except trio.Cancelled:
@@ -269,21 +335,21 @@ async def trio_proc(
                 # to hold off on relaying SIGINT until that child
                 # is complete.
                 # https://github.com/goodboy/tractor/issues/320
-                # -[ ] we need to handle non-root parent-actors specially
+                # -[ ] we need to handle non-root parent-actors
-                # by somehow determining if a child is in debug and then
+                # specially by somehow determining if a child is in
-                # avoiding cancel/kill of said child by this
+                # debug and then avoiding cancel/kill of said child
-                # (intermediary) parent until such a time as the root says
+                # by this (intermediary) parent until such a time as
-                # the pdb lock is released and we are good to tear down
+                # the root says the pdb lock is released and we are
-                # (our children)..
+                # good to tear down (our children)..
                 #
                 # -[ ] so maybe something like this where we try to
-                #     acquire the lock and get notified of who has it,
+                #     acquire the lock and get notified of who has
-                #     check that uid against our known children?
+                #     it, check that uid against our known children?
                 # this_uid: tuple[str, str] = current_actor().uid
                 # await debug.acquire_debug_lock(this_uid)
 
                 if proc.poll() is None:
-                    log.cancel(f"Attempting to hard kill {proc}")
+                    log.cancel(f'Attempting to hard kill {proc}')
                     await hard_kill(
                         proc,
                         # NOTE, pass through so post-SIGKILL we
@@ -302,11 +368,24 @@ async def trio_proc(
                         subactor=subactor,
                     )
 
-                log.debug(f"Joined {proc}")
+                log.debug(f'Joined {proc}')
         else:
             log.warning('Nursery cancelled before sub-proc started')
 
-        if not cancelled_during_spawn:
+        if (
+            peer_event is not None
+            and
+            ipc_server._peer_connected.get(
+                subactor.aid.uid,
+            ) is peer_event
+        ):
+            ipc_server._peer_connected.pop(subactor.aid.uid)
+
+        if (
+            child_registered
+            and
+            not cancelled_during_spawn
+        ):
             # pop child entry to indicate we no longer managing this
             # subactor
             actor_nursery._children.pop(subactor.aid.uid)

tractor/to_actor/_api.py

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ from ..runtime._supervise import (
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ..discovery._addr import UnwrappedAddress
+    from ..net._bindspace import Bindspace
     from ..runtime._portal import Portal
 
 
@@ -254,6 +255,7 @@ async def run(
     # is provided.
     name: str|None = None,
     bind_addrs: list[UnwrappedAddress]|None = None,
+    bindspace: Bindspace|None = None,
     enable_modules: list[str]|None = None,
     loglevel: str|None = None,
     debug_mode: bool|None = None,
@@ -337,6 +339,7 @@ async def run(
             (enable_modules or [])
         ),
         bind_addrs=bind_addrs,
+        bindspace=bindspace,
         loglevel=loglevel,
         debug_mode=debug_mode,
         infect_asyncio=infect_asyncio,