Use linked contexts in `to_actor.run()`

Pass target inputs positionally and normalize every retained
`functools.partial()` layer, including Python 3.14 Placeholder
binding. Validate the complete target signature before startup.

Route each ordinary async fn through a static `@context` endpoint
so remote results, errors and caller cancellation remain linked.
Send namespace and function components separately, then resolve
through `Actor._get_rpc_func()` so the RPC module allowlist remains
authoritative. Retain client-created `NamespacePath` refs so
`to_tuple()` does not re-import their callable.

Owned actors enable the endpoint's `__name__` directly. Keep
`to_actor.MODULE` as the importer-facing alias used by caller-owned
portals while retaining the target module's authorization boundary.

Cover all placement modes, nested partials, argument collisions,
linked cancellation, remote errors and authorization failures.

Caught-during: review remediation
Found-via: `/run-tests` portal cancellation regression

Review: PR #481 (opencode)
https://github.com/goodboy/tractor/pull/481#pullrequestreview-4956692120

Prompt-IO: ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193005Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.md

(this patch was generated in some part by `opencode` using `gpt-5.6-sol` (`openai`))

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T031532Z_4151b956_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: pr481-review-fixes-p1-20260818
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T03:15:32Z
+git_ref: 4151b956
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260818T031532Z_4151b956_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+Address the approved review findings on PR #481, but work
+iteratively: implement and verify one finding at a time, prepare a
+separate `/commit-plan` after each fix, and stop for the human commit
+before starting the next finding. Begin with the P1 per-child
+lifecycle issue. Also publish the already-approved review findings
+against the reviewed PR head before editing.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Published the approved non-approving review at head `4151b956`, then
+implemented only the P1 lifecycle fix. Owned one-shot actors now use
+a child-specific cancellation and process-reap handshake, including
+hard escalation for unacknowledged cancellation and deterministic
+bookkeeping removal before `to_actor.run()` returns.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/runtime/_supervise.py` - coordinate child-specific cancel
+  and reap.
+- `tractor/spawn/_trio.py` - wait on the Trio child's reap request.
+- `tractor/spawn/_mp.py` - wait on the multiprocessing child's reap
+  request.
+- `tractor/spawn/_spawn.py` - publish monitor completion centrally.
+- `tractor/to_actor/_api.py` - await owned-child process reaping.
+- `tests/test_to_actor.py` - cover cleanup, escalation, and startup
+  ordering.
+
+## Human edits
+
+None - the generated P1 patch remains uncommitted for human review.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T031532Z_4151b956_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T03:15:32Z
+git_ref: 4151b956
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+Implemented only the P1 lifecycle finding from the approved PR #481
+review, preserving the requested one-fix-at-a-time commit boundary.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/runtime/_supervise.py`
+
+Added per-child reap request/completion events to `ActorNursery`, a
+shielded child-specific cancel-and-reap operation, late-registration
+latching for nursery teardown, and cancellation escalation that waits
+for debugger release before using non-ignorable process termination.
+The nursery-wide cancellation path snapshots child records before
+checkpointing so concurrent one-shot cleanup cannot invalidate its
+iteration.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/spawn/_trio.py`
+
+Changed Trio child monitors to wait on their per-child reap requests.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/spawn/_mp.py`
+
+Changed multiprocessing child monitors to wait on their per-child reap
+requests.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/spawn/_spawn.py`
+
+Ensured every backend publishes child-reap completion after its process
+monitor exits.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/to_actor/_api.py`
+
+Changed owned one-shot cleanup to await child-specific process joining
+and bookkeeping removal instead of treating the cancel RPC as reaping.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tests/test_to_actor.py`
+
+Added regressions for immediate caller-managed nursery cleanup, failed
+cancel acknowledgement escalation, and child registration after a
+latched nursery-wide teardown request.
+
+Verification:
+
+`pytest -q tests/test_to_actor.py tests/test_cancellation.py tests/test_spawning.py tests/discovery/test_multi_program.py`
+
+Result: `46 passed, 1 xfailed, 3 xpassed`.
+
+`pytest -q tests/test_to_actor.py --tpt-proto uds`
+
+Result: `13 passed`.
+
+`pytest -q tests/test_to_actor.py --spawn-backend mp_spawn --tpt-proto tcp`
+
+Result: `13 passed`.
+
+One broad verification run was mistakenly launched in parallel with
+the UDS and `mp_spawn` actor suites. It timed out
+`test_remote_error_from_caller_nursery`; the node passed immediately
+in isolation and the complete broad selection then passed serially.
+The failure was classified as concurrent test-session interference,
+not accepted as a passing boundary result.
+
+Ruff, Python compilation, and `git diff --check` passed for the changed
+boundary. Ruff's existing `_trio.py` F401 finding was reproduced at the
+unmodified PR head and excluded from attribution to this patch.
+
+No source files were staged, committed, pushed, or used for review
+replies. The previously approved top-level review was published before
+the fix at reviewed head `4151b956`.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193001Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: ses_3e4c90d3eafeqHEtRYSIHgHhpA
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:01Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260818T193001Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+Fix cancellation during an indeterminate transport write without
+allowing a second RPC msg to corrupt the stream. Keep the transport
+fix separate from the higher-level `to_actor` remediation and explain
+the length-prefixed protocol rather than using unexplained "framed
+send" terminology.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Close a msgpack transport stream when cancellation interrupts its
+length-prefixed `send_all()` operation. The stream can no longer be
+safely reused because Trio cannot report how many bytes were written.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/ipc/_transport.py` - close an interrupted send stream.
+- `tests/ipc/test_each_tpt.py` - cover cancellation during the write.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human required this transport edge-case fix to land as its own
+behavioral commit with a detailed message. During staged review, the
+human also rejected the unexplained "framed send" wording and asked
+for terminology tied directly to the actual transport operation.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193001Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:01Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+Prospective review found that cancellation can interrupt
+`MsgpackTransport.send()` after `send_all()` writes only part of its
+length-prefixed msg. Sending a cancellation request afterward can
+append another msg to the indeterminate stream and desynchronize the
+peer decoder.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/ipc/_transport.py tests/ipc/test_each_tpt.py`
+
+Close the stream under a cancellation shield when `send_all()` is
+cancelled. Cover the behavior with a fake stream that checkpoints
+inside the write and records forced closure.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193002Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: ses_3e4c90d3eafeqHEtRYSIHgHhpA
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:02Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260818T193002Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+Distill repeated `Actor._contexts.pop()` machinery into a wrapper like
+the RPC-task registration helper so future teardown sites do not keep
+reconstructing the context-registry key independently. Preserve the
+existing lifecycle-specific cleanup behavior.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Add idempotent `Actor._drop_context()` registry removal keyed from the
+context's own channel and CID. Use it for caller context teardown and
+the strict callee-side RPC deregistration path.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/runtime/_runtime.py` - own context-registry removal.
+- `tractor/runtime/_rpc.py` - use the helper for callee teardown.
+- `tractor/_context.py` - use the helper after caller teardown.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human identified the repeated registry-pop code and requested a
+central primitive analogous to `_register_rpc_task()`. The agent first
+suggested an async helper that also closed receive channels; the final
+design was narrowed to registry removal only so each lifecycle owner
+retains its existing closure, debugger, shielding, and error policy.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193002Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:02Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+Repeated teardown sites reconstruct the `Actor._contexts` registry
+key from a portal channel and context ID before popping it. Add an
+idempotent actor-owned helper deriving the key from the context itself,
+then route caller and callee context teardown through that helper.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/runtime/_runtime.py tractor/runtime/_rpc.py tractor/_context.py`
+
+Keep receive-channel closure and cancellation shielding in each
+lifecycle owner so the helper centralizes registry machinery without
+changing their teardown ordering.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193003Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: ses_3e4c90d3eafeqHEtRYSIHgHhpA
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:03Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260818T193003Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+Cancel a remote task when its caller is cancelled after `Start`
+publication but before startup acknowledgement. Keep cancellation
+bounded, prevent its private `_cancel_task` RPC from recursively
+cancelling itself and preserve public target kwargs unchanged.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Add private portal startup policy, use it for non-recursive context
+cancellation and clean caller-side startup state under a shield.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/runtime/_portal.py` - separate private startup policy.
+- `tractor/_context.py` - disable recursion for cancellation RPCs.
+- `tractor/runtime/_runtime.py` - clean cancelled task startup.
+- `tests/test_context_stream_semantics.py` - control cancellation
+  between `Start` publication and acknowledgement.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human required this cancellation behavior to remain a distinct
+commit from general startup failures and from the public `to_actor`
+API. The human also requested that its runtime comment describe the
+actual length-prefixed transport guarantee and concrete `_cancel_task`
+operation rather than referring to an unnamed wrapper.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193003Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:03Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+Cancellation while `Actor.start_remote_task()` waits for `StartAck`
+can strand its caller-side context and leave the remote task running.
+Make one bounded cleanup request, remove local startup state and close
+its receive channel.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/runtime/_runtime.py tractor/runtime/_portal.py tractor/_context.py tests/test_context_stream_semantics.py`
+
+Separate private startup-cancellation policy from public target kwargs
+using `Portal._run_from_ns()`. Have `Context.cancel()` disable recursive
+startup cancellation for its own `_cancel_task` RPC. Exercise
+cancellation after `Start` publication and prove the caller-owned actor
+remains reusable without leaked contexts.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193004Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: ses_3e4c90d3eafeqHEtRYSIHgHhpA
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:04Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260818T193004Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+Release caller-side context state for every remote-task startup failure,
+not only local cancellation. Preserve the remote error, avoid unsafe
+follow-up sends and prove pre-publication serialization failures leave
+a reused portal healthy.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Extend remote-task startup cleanup across send, acknowledgement and
+validation errors. Track completed publication, perform only safe
+best-effort cancellation and deterministically remove local state.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/runtime/_runtime.py` - clean every startup failure path.
+- `tests/test_context_stream_semantics.py` - cover authorization and
+  serialization failures before context entry.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human accepted the discovered edge-case fixes but required general
+startup cleanup to land separately from cancellation cleanup, transport
+integrity and the public API. This boundary preserves that behavioral
+distinction and its dedicated commit-message rationale.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193004Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:04Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+`Actor.start_remote_task()` inserts a context before sending `Start`,
+but startup errors other than cancellation escape without removing or
+closing that caller state. Serialization errors, acknowledgement
+timeouts, malformed acknowledgements and remote authorization errors
+can therefore leak context-registry entries.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/runtime/_runtime.py tests/test_context_stream_semantics.py`
+
+Cover the complete send, acknowledgement and validation phase with
+exceptional cleanup. Attempt remote cancellation only when publication
+is known complete or protocol-safe, and always release local state.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193005Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+session: ses_3e4c90d3eafeqHEtRYSIHgHhpA
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:05Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+scope: code
+substantive: true
+raw_file: 20260818T193005Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md
+---
+
+## Prompt
+
+Replace abandoned `Portal.run()` one-shots with a static linked-context
+endpoint. Follow Trio positional-call semantics, use partials for target
+keywords, preserve Python 3.14 Placeholder behavior, keep target lookup
+behind the RPC allowlist and support private, nursery and portal
+placement.
+
+## Response summary
+
+Use `Portal.open_context()` and `Context.wait_for_result()` for one-shot
+tasks. Normalize every partial layer, validate signatures locally and
+send target namespace/function components separately to the authorized
+remote resolver. Retain the client-side function in its `NamespacePath`
+so `to_tuple()` does not re-import it. Owned actors enable the declaring
+`_api.__name__` directly; caller-owned portals opt in through the public
+`to_actor.MODULE` alias.
+
+## Files changed
+
+- `tractor/to_actor/_api.py` - implement linked one-shot calls.
+- `tractor/to_actor/__init__.py` - export `MODULE`.
+- `tractor/msg/ptr.py` - retain refs created by `from_ref()`.
+- `tests/test_to_actor.py` - cover the public API and authorization.
+- `examples/parallelism/to_actor_one_shots.py` - use positional inputs.
+
+## Human edits
+
+The human rejected nested target-kwargs configuration and selected
+Trio-style positional inputs plus `functools.partial()`. During staged
+review the human required a Python 3.14 compatibility comment rather
+than removing Placeholder support, requested separate namespace and
+function inputs, preserved `_get_rpc_func(ns: str, funcname: str)`
+authorization, renamed `RPC_MODULE` to `MODULE`, rejected global module
+exposure and deferred speculative nursery/module-list helpers to the
+`open_taskman()` design line. The human also required this public API
+to land only after its lower-level safety dependencies. In final staged
+review, the human required `_invoke_from_portal()` to use
+`NamespacePath.to_tuple()` with the already-held function ref and
+required internal actor setup to use `_api.__name__` directly, keeping
+`to_actor.MODULE` solely as the public importer-facing alias.

ai/prompt-io/opencode/20260818T193005Z_bf06b4f8_prompt_io.raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+model: openai/gpt-5.6-sol
+service: opencode
+timestamp: 2026-08-18T19:30:05Z
+git_ref: bf06b4f8
+diff_cmd: git diff HEAD~1..HEAD
+---
+
+Implement `to_actor.run()` with Trio-style positional target arguments,
+`functools.partial` keyword and Python 3.14 Placeholder binding, and a
+static context endpoint that links remote results, errors and caller
+cancellation.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tractor/to_actor/_api.py tractor/to_actor/__init__.py`
+
+Resolve target functions through `Actor._get_rpc_func()` so module
+authorization remains authoritative. Automatically expose the helper
+module for actors owned by `to_actor.run()` and document explicit
+exposure for a caller-owned portal.
+
+> `git diff HEAD~1..HEAD -- tests/test_to_actor.py examples/parallelism/to_actor_one_shots.py`
+
+Cover placement modes, argument binding, nested partials, caller-linked
+cancellation, remote errors and module authorization.

examples/parallelism/to_actor_one_shots.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ async def main() -> None:
     # subactor, tears the runtime back down.
     assert await tractor.to_actor.run(
         is_prime,
-        n=2,
+        2,
     )
 
     # the "worker-pool-ish" pattern from the original
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ async def main() -> None:
     ) -> None:
         results[n] = await tractor.to_actor.run(
             is_prime,
+            n,
             an=an,
             name=f'prime_checker_{i}',
-            n=n,
         )
 
     inputs: list[int] = [

tests/ipc/test_each_tpt.py

@@ -17,9 +17,65 @@ import trio
 import tractor
 from tractor import Actor
 from tractor.discovery import _addr
+from tractor.ipc._transport import MsgpackTransport
 from tractor.runtime import _state
 
 
+
+def test_cancelled_transport_send_closes_stream():
+    '''
+    Discard a transport after cancellation interrupts a framed send.
+
+    Trio's `SendStream.send_all()` may write an arbitrary frame prefix
+    before raising `Cancelled`. Sending another IPC msg afterward
+    would append a second frame and desynchronize the peer decoder.
+    The fake stream checkpoints after recording send entry; cancelling
+    its nursery deterministically interrupts that unknown-publication
+    window. Its close assertion proves the transport is made unusable
+    before another framed msg can be attempted.
+
+    '''
+    class PartialSendStream:
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            self.send_entered = trio.Event()
+            self.closed = False
+
+        async def send_all(
+            self,
+            data: bytes,
+        ) -> None:
+            assert data
+            self.send_entered.set()
+            await trio.sleep_forever()
+
+        async def aclose(self) -> None:
+            self.closed = True
+
+    async def main() -> None:
+        stream = PartialSendStream()
+        transport = object.__new__(MsgpackTransport)
+        transport.stream = stream
+        transport._send_lock = trio.StrictFIFOLock()
+
+        async with trio.open_nursery() as tn:
+            tn.start_soon(
+                transport.send,
+                tractor.msg.Start(
+                    ns=__name__,
+                    func='add_one',
+                    kwargs={'n': 1},
+                    uid=('root', 'test'),
+                    cid='partial-send',
+                ),
+            )
+            await stream.send_entered.wait()
+            tn.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+        assert stream.closed
+
+    trio.run(main)
+
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def bindspace_dir_str() -> str:
 

tests/test_context_stream_semantics.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ sync-opening a ``tractor.Context`` beforehand.
 '''
 from itertools import count
 import math
+from pathlib import Path
 import platform
 from pprint import pformat
 import sys
@@ -75,6 +76,37 @@ from tractor._testing import (
 _state: bool = False
 
 
+def _non_registration_contexts(
+    actor: Actor,
+) -> dict[tuple, str]:
+    return {
+        key: str(ctx._nsf)
+        for key, ctx in actor._contexts.items()
+        if str(ctx._nsf) != (
+            'tractor.discovery._registry:'
+            'Registrar.register_actor'
+        )
+    }
+
+
+@tractor.context
+async def startup_cancel_target(
+    ctx: Context,
+    started_path: str,
+    cancelled_path: str,
+) -> None:
+    Path(started_path).touch()
+    try:
+        await ctx.started()
+        await trio.sleep_forever()
+    finally:
+        Path(cancelled_path).touch()
+
+
+async def return_one() -> int:
+    return 1
+
+
 @tractor.context
 async def too_many_starteds(
     ctx: Context,
@@ -168,6 +200,168 @@ async def assert_state(value: bool):
     assert _state == value
 
 
+@tractor_test
+async def test_cancel_during_context_startup(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+    tmp_path: Path,
+    start_method: str,
+    debug_mode: bool,
+):
+    '''
+    Cancel a context after sending `Start` but before its ack.
+
+    `Portal.open_context()` allocates its caller-side `Context` while
+    entering the async context manager. Cancellation used to strand
+    that local context and leave the remote target running. The patched
+    `Channel.send()` publishes `Start`, then blocks before
+    `Actor.start_remote_task()` can await `StartAck`. Cancelling the
+    caller proves cleanup issues one bounded, non-recursive cancel RPC,
+    stops the target and removes both helper contexts. A subsequent
+    RPC proves the caller-owned actor remains usable.
+
+    '''
+    started_path = tmp_path / 'startup_started'
+    cancelled_path = tmp_path / 'startup_cancelled'
+    start_sent = trio.Event()
+    original_send = tractor.Channel.send
+
+    async def delay_after_start(
+        chan: tractor.Channel,
+        payload: object,
+        hide_tb: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        await original_send(
+            chan,
+            payload,
+            hide_tb=hide_tb,
+        )
+        if isinstance(payload, tractor.msg.Start):
+            if payload.func == 'startup_cancel_target':
+                start_sent.set()
+            await trio.sleep_forever()
+
+    async def open_target(
+        portal: tractor.Portal,
+    ) -> None:
+        async with portal.open_context(
+            startup_cancel_target,
+            started_path=str(started_path),
+            cancelled_path=str(cancelled_path),
+        ):
+            raise AssertionError('context startup should be cancelled')
+
+    async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        actor = tractor.current_actor()
+        portal: tractor.Portal = await an.start_actor(
+            'startup_cancel_worker',
+            enable_modules=[__name__],
+        )
+        contexts_before = _non_registration_contexts(actor)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            tractor.Channel,
+            'send',
+            delay_after_start,
+        )
+
+        async with trio.open_nursery() as tn:
+            tn.start_soon(open_target, portal)
+            with trio.fail_after(5):
+                await start_sent.wait()
+                while not started_path.exists():
+                    await trio.sleep(0.01)
+            tn.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            tractor.Channel,
+            'send',
+            original_send,
+        )
+        assert cancelled_path.exists()
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+        assert await portal.run_from_ns(
+            __name__,
+            'return_one',
+        ) == 1
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+        await portal.cancel_actor()
+
+
+@tractor_test
+async def test_start_serialization_error_cleans_context(
+    start_method: str,
+    debug_mode: bool,
+):
+    '''
+    Deallocate caller state when `Start` can not be serialized.
+
+    `Actor.start_remote_task()` registers its caller-side `Context`
+    before encoding the request. An unsupported argument used to raise
+    `MsgTypeError` before publication while leaking that registry
+    entry. Comparing the context registry around the failed start
+    proves cleanup, and a following valid context proves no bytes
+    reached or damaged the reused portal's transport.
+
+    '''
+    async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        actor = tractor.current_actor()
+        portal: tractor.Portal = await an.start_actor(
+            'serialization_error_worker',
+            enable_modules=[__name__],
+        )
+        contexts_before = _non_registration_contexts(actor)
+        with pytest.raises(tractor.MsgTypeError):
+            async with portal.open_context(
+                simple_setup_teardown,
+                data=object(),
+            ):
+                raise AssertionError('invalid `Start` was accepted')
+
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+        async with portal.open_context(
+            simple_setup_teardown,
+            data=1,
+        ) as (ctx, started):
+            assert started == 2
+            assert await ctx.wait_for_result() == 'yo'
+
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+        await portal.cancel_actor()
+
+
+@tractor_test
+async def test_start_module_error_cleans_context(
+    start_method: str,
+    debug_mode: bool,
+):
+    '''
+    Deallocate caller state after a remote startup rejection.
+
+    A target actor without this test module rejects the requested
+    context before sending `StartAck`. That remote
+    `ModuleNotExposed` used to escape startup validation while leaving
+    the caller context registered. The boxed error and before/after
+    registry comparison prove the remote failure remains visible and
+    local startup state is released.
+
+    '''
+    async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        actor = tractor.current_actor()
+        portal: tractor.Portal = await an.start_actor(
+            'module_error_worker',
+        )
+        contexts_before = _non_registration_contexts(actor)
+        with pytest.raises(tractor.RemoteActorError) as excinfo:
+            async with portal.open_context(
+                simple_setup_teardown,
+                data=1,
+            ):
+                raise AssertionError('unexposed context was started')
+
+        assert excinfo.value.boxed_type is tractor.ModuleNotExposed
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+        await portal.cancel_actor()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     'error_parent',
     [False, ValueError, KeyboardInterrupt],

tests/test_to_actor.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ https://github.com/goodboy/tractor/issues/477
 
 '''
 from functools import partial
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 import trio
@@ -16,6 +17,9 @@ from tractor import (
     to_actor,
 )
 from tractor._testing import tractor_test
+from tractor.msg import ptr as msgptr
+from tractor.msg.ptr import NamespacePath
+from tractor.to_actor import _api as to_actor_api
 
 
 async def add_one(
@@ -28,6 +32,98 @@ async def raise_value_error() -> None:
     raise ValueError('kaboom')
 
 
+async def echo_control_names(
+    value: int,
+    /,
+    *,
+    name: str,
+    portal: str,
+    an: str,
+    runtime_kwargs: str,
+) -> dict[str, int|str]:
+    return {
+        'value': value,
+        'name': name,
+        'portal': portal,
+        'an': an,
+        'runtime_kwargs': runtime_kwargs,
+    }
+
+
+async def mark_task_cancellation(
+    started_path: str,
+    cancelled_path: str,
+) -> None:
+    Path(started_path).touch()
+    try:
+        await trio.sleep_forever()
+    finally:
+        Path(cancelled_path).touch()
+
+
+async def echo_startup_control(
+    _cancel_on_startup: str,
+) -> str:
+    return _cancel_on_startup
+
+
+async def collect_args(
+    *args: object,
+) -> tuple[object, ...]:
+    return args
+
+
+async def collect_call(
+    *args: object,
+    **kwargs: object,
+) -> tuple[tuple[object, ...], dict[str, object]]:
+    return args, kwargs
+
+
+def _non_registration_contexts(
+    actor: tractor.Actor,
+) -> dict[tuple, str]:
+    return {
+        key: str(ctx._nsf)
+        for key, ctx in actor._contexts.items()
+        if str(ctx._nsf) != (
+            'tractor.discovery._registry:'
+            'Registrar.register_actor'
+        )
+    }
+
+
+def test_namespace_path_retains_target_ref(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+):
+    '''
+    Reuse the client-side target ref when splitting its namespace path.
+
+    `NamespacePath.from_ref()` previously discarded `add_one`, so
+    `to_tuple()` imported and resolved the just-created string again.
+    Replacing `resolve_name()` with a failure proves the retained ref
+    supplies the tuple without a redundant lookup. The public module
+    alias assertion also keeps internal `_api.__name__` authoritative.
+
+    '''
+    target = NamespacePath.from_ref(add_one)
+
+    def fail_resolve(name: str) -> object:
+        raise AssertionError(f'unexpected lookup for {name!r}')
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        msgptr,
+        'resolve_name',
+        fail_resolve,
+    )
+    assert target.to_tuple() == (
+        add_one.__module__,
+        add_one.__name__,
+    )
+    assert to_actor.MODULE == to_actor_api.__name__
+    assert not hasattr(to_actor_api, 'MODULE')
+
+
 @tractor_test
 async def test_one_shot_in_private_nursery(
     start_method: str,
@@ -40,7 +136,7 @@ async def test_one_shot_in_private_nursery(
     '''
     assert await to_actor.run(
         add_one,
-        n=1,
+        1,
     ) == 2
 
 
@@ -61,7 +157,7 @@ def test_one_shot_boots_implicit_runtime(
         ) is None
         result = await to_actor.run(
             add_one,
-            n=41,
+            41,
             runtime_kwargs=dict(
                 registry_addrs=[reg_addr],
                 start_method=start_method,
@@ -97,17 +193,90 @@ async def test_spawn_from_caller_nursery(
     debug_mode: bool,
 ):
     '''
-    Pass a caller-managed `an: ActorNursery` for the
+    Pass a caller-managed `an: ActorNursery` for the spawn.
-    spawn; the subactor is still one-shot reaped by the
+
-    time the call returns.
+    Previously `to_actor.run()` treated an actor-runtime cancel ack
+    as process reaping, so the call returned while the child monitor
+    and its `ActorNursery._children` record remained alive until the
+    entire nursery exited. The assertion inside the still-open
+    nursery proves child-process joining and record removal now
+    complete before the one-shot call returns.
 
     '''
     async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
         assert await to_actor.run(
             add_one,
+            10,
             an=an,
-            n=10,
         ) == 11
+        assert not an._children
+
+
+@tractor_test
+async def test_cancel_ack_failure_hard_reaps_child(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+    start_method: str,
+    debug_mode: bool,
+):
+    '''
+    Escalate a failed cancel acknowledgement and reap the child.
+
+    `Portal.cancel_actor()` can return `False` when its transport is
+    already closed without confirming runtime cancellation. The old
+    one-shot path ignored that result, released the nursery-wide join
+    gate and then waited forever for a still-running process. This
+    test forces that exact result without cancelling the actor, caps
+    the call to detect the former hang and verifies the child monitor
+    removes its `ActorNursery._children` record before returning.
+
+    '''
+    async def cancel_without_ack(
+        portal: tractor.Portal,
+        timeout: float|None = None,
+        raise_on_timeout: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        assert raise_on_timeout
+        return False
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        tractor.Portal,
+        'cancel_actor',
+        cancel_without_ack,
+    )
+
+    async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        with trio.fail_after(5):
+            assert await to_actor.run(
+                add_one,
+                20,
+                an=an,
+            ) == 21
+        assert not an._children
+
+
+def test_late_child_reap_registration_is_released():
+    '''
+    Preserve a nursery-wide reap request across child startup.
+
+    A child monitor can checkpoint while connecting to its parent as
+    the surrounding `ActorNursery` begins teardown. Previously the
+    nursery signalled only already-registered child events, so a
+    monitor registering afterward waited forever. This models that
+    ordering by publishing the nursery-wide request first and proves
+    the later per-child event inherits its set state immediately.
+
+    '''
+    an = object.__new__(tractor.ActorNursery)
+    an._join_procs = trio.Event()
+    an._child_reap_requests = {}
+    an._child_reaped = {}
+
+    an._join_procs.set()
+    reap_request, _ = an._register_child_reap(
+        ('late_child', 'uid'),
+    )
+
+    assert reap_request.is_set()
 
 
 @tractor_test
@@ -140,19 +309,35 @@ async def test_reuse_existing_actor_via_portal(
     Pass `portal=` to schedule the one-shot task in an
     already-running actor; no spawn, no implicit reap.
 
+    The low-level `Portal.run_from_ns()` assertion also proves its
+    target kwargs remain separate from the private startup-cancel
+    policy used by context cleanup.
+
     '''
     async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        actor = tractor.current_actor()
         portal: tractor.Portal = await an.start_actor(
             'one_shot_worker',
-            enable_modules=[__name__],
+            enable_modules=[
+                __name__,
+                to_actor.MODULE,
+            ],
         )
+        contexts_before = _non_registration_contexts(actor)
         for i in range(3):
             assert await to_actor.run(
                 add_one,
+                i,
                 portal=portal,
-                n=i,
             ) == i + 1
 
+        assert await portal.run_from_ns(
+            __name__,
+            'echo_startup_control',
+            _cancel_on_startup='target_value',
+        ) == 'target_value'
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+
         # still alive: caller owns the actor's lifetime.
         await portal.cancel_actor()
 
@@ -178,9 +363,9 @@ async def test_concurrent_one_shots_from_task_nursery(
     ) -> None:
         results[i] = await to_actor.run(
             add_one,
+            i,
             an=an,
             name=f'one_shot_{i}',
-            n=i,
         )
 
     async with (
@@ -231,6 +416,83 @@ def test_rejects_streaming_fn():
         )
 
 
+def test_partial_placeholder_normalization(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+):
+    '''
+    Preserve Python 3.14 `functools.partial` placeholder semantics.
+
+    The test environment runs Python 3.13, so this installs an identity
+    sentinel matching Python 3.14's `functools.Placeholder` API.
+    Interleaved placeholders prove call-time positional arguments are
+    merged in order. Undersupply and a mismatched final target
+    signature both fail locally before actor runtime startup.
+
+    '''
+    placeholder = object()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        to_actor_api.functools,
+        'Placeholder',
+        placeholder,
+        raising=False,
+    )
+    fn = partial(
+        collect_args,
+        placeholder,
+        2,
+        placeholder,
+    )
+    normalized_fn, args, kwargs = to_actor_api._normalize_call(
+        fn,
+        (1, 3, 4),
+    )
+    assert normalized_fn is collect_args
+    assert args == (1, 2, 3, 4)
+    assert kwargs == {}
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='Not enough positional'):
+        to_actor_api._normalize_call(fn, (1,))
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='too many positional'):
+        to_actor_api._normalize_call(
+            partial(add_one, 1),
+            (2,),
+        )
+
+
+def test_nested_partial_normalization():
+    '''
+    Flatten every retained `functools.partial` layer before RPC.
+
+    CPython normally combines nested partials, but preserves the inner
+    object when it has instance attributes. Unwrapping only the outer
+    layer left a non-namespace-addressable partial as the RPC target.
+    The custom attribute triggers that retained shape; the assertions
+    prove positional ordering and outer-keyword precedence match a
+    direct nested-partial call.
+
+    '''
+    inner = partial(
+        collect_call,
+        1,
+        label='inner',
+    )
+    inner.note = 'retain this partial layer'
+    outer = partial(
+        inner,
+        2,
+        label='outer',
+    )
+
+    fn, args, kwargs = to_actor_api._normalize_call(
+        outer,
+        (3,),
+    )
+    assert fn is collect_call
+    assert args == (1, 2, 3)
+    assert kwargs == {'label': 'outer'}
+
+
 def test_rejects_portal_and_an_combo():
     '''
     `portal=` and `an=` are mutually exclusive
@@ -242,9 +504,9 @@ def test_rejects_portal_and_an_combo():
             partial(
                 to_actor.run,
                 add_one,
+                1,
                 portal=object(),
                 an=object(),
-                n=1,
             )
         )
 
@@ -262,10 +524,179 @@ def test_rejects_runtime_kwargs_with_placement():
             partial(
                 to_actor.run,
                 add_one,
+                1,
                 an=object(),
                 runtime_kwargs=dict(
                     loglevel='cancel',
                 ),
-                n=1,
             )
         )
+
+
+@tractor_test
+async def test_trio_style_args_and_partial_kwargs(
+    start_method: str,
+    debug_mode: bool,
+):
+    '''
+    Forward positional args and partial-bound keyword arguments.
+
+    The original API captured every keyword matching an actor
+    control, so ordinary target parameters such as `name`, `portal`,
+    `an` and `runtime_kwargs` could not be called. This test uses a
+    positional-only target argument plus all colliding keyword names.
+    Binding the target keywords with `functools.partial()` proves the
+    Trio-style calling convention keeps target inputs separate from
+    actor controls.
+
+    '''
+    fn = partial(
+        echo_control_names,
+        name='target_name',
+        portal='target_portal',
+        an='target_an',
+        runtime_kwargs='target_runtime_kwargs',
+    )
+    async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        result = await to_actor.run(
+            fn,
+            42,
+            an=an,
+            name='actor_name',
+        )
+
+    assert result == {
+        'value': 42,
+        'name': 'target_name',
+        'portal': 'target_portal',
+        'an': 'target_an',
+        'runtime_kwargs': 'target_runtime_kwargs',
+    }
+
+
+@tractor_test
+async def test_portal_task_cancelled_with_local_caller(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+    start_method: str,
+    debug_mode: bool,
+):
+    '''
+    Couple a reused portal's remote task to its local caller.
+
+    The former `Portal.run()` path abandoned its remote task when the
+    local `to_actor.run()` caller was cancelled. The target writes
+    one file after starting and another from its cancellation
+    `finally`. Cancelling the local task nursery and observing the
+    second file proves `Portal.open_context()` propagated
+    cancellation before the caller exited. A subsequent call proves
+    the caller-owned actor was not cancelled with that task.
+
+    '''
+    started_path = tmp_path / 'started'
+    cancelled_path = tmp_path / 'cancelled'
+
+    async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        actor = tractor.current_actor()
+        portal: tractor.Portal = await an.start_actor(
+            'context_worker',
+            enable_modules=[
+                __name__,
+                to_actor.MODULE,
+            ],
+        )
+        contexts_before = _non_registration_contexts(actor)
+
+        async with trio.open_nursery() as tn:
+            tn.start_soon(
+                partial(
+                    to_actor.run,
+                    mark_task_cancellation,
+                    str(started_path),
+                    str(cancelled_path),
+                    portal=portal,
+                ),
+            )
+            with trio.fail_after(5):
+                while not started_path.exists():
+                    await trio.sleep(0.01)
+            tn.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+        assert cancelled_path.exists()
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+        assert await to_actor.run(
+            add_one,
+            1,
+            portal=portal,
+        ) == 2
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+
+        await portal.cancel_actor()
+
+
+@tractor_test
+async def test_context_trampoline_preserves_module_allowlist(
+    start_method: str,
+    debug_mode: bool,
+):
+    '''
+    Keep target resolution behind the actor's RPC module allowlist.
+
+    Loading the target with `NamespacePath.load_ref()` would silently
+    bypass the actor's existing module-exposure boundary. This actor
+    exposes only the trusted trampoline, not the test module; the
+    boxed `ModuleNotExposed` proves the trampoline delegates target
+    resolution to `Actor._get_rpc_func()`.
+
+    '''
+    async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        actor = tractor.current_actor()
+        portal: tractor.Portal = await an.start_actor(
+            'restricted_context_worker',
+            enable_modules=[to_actor.MODULE],
+        )
+        contexts_before = _non_registration_contexts(actor)
+        with pytest.raises(RemoteActorError) as excinfo:
+            await to_actor.run(
+                add_one,
+                1,
+                portal=portal,
+            )
+
+        assert excinfo.value.boxed_type is tractor.ModuleNotExposed
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+        await portal.cancel_actor()
+
+
+@tractor_test
+async def test_portal_requires_context_trampoline(
+    start_method: str,
+    debug_mode: bool,
+):
+    '''
+    Require explicit trampoline exposure on a caller-owned actor.
+
+    Automatically exposing the module in every actor weakens the RPC
+    allowlist for actors that never use `to_actor.run()`. A portal to
+    such an actor instead fails with the usual `ModuleNotExposed`,
+    naming the module callers must opt into.
+
+    '''
+    async with tractor.open_nursery() as an:
+        actor = tractor.current_actor()
+        portal: tractor.Portal = await an.start_actor(
+            'no_context_trampoline_worker',
+            enable_modules=[__name__],
+        )
+        contexts_before = _non_registration_contexts(actor)
+        with pytest.raises(RemoteActorError) as excinfo:
+            await to_actor.run(
+                add_one,
+                1,
+                portal=portal,
+            )
+
+        err = excinfo.value
+        assert err.boxed_type is tractor.ModuleNotExposed
+        assert to_actor.MODULE in str(err)
+        assert _non_registration_contexts(actor) == contexts_before
+        await portal.cancel_actor()

tractor/_context.py

@@ -1108,10 +1108,11 @@ class Context:
                 # NOTE: we're telling the far end actor to cancel a task
                 # corresponding to *this actor*. The far end local channel
                 # instance is passed to `Actor._cancel_task()` implicitly.
-                await self._portal.run_from_ns(
+                await self._portal._run_from_ns(
                     'self',
                     '_cancel_task',
-                    cid=cid,
+                    kwargs={'cid': cid},
+                    cancel_on_startup=False,
                 )
 
             if cs.cancelled_caught:
@@ -2625,10 +2626,7 @@ async def open_context_from_portal(
             f'uid: {uid}\n'
             f'cid: {ctx.cid}\n'
         )
-        portal.actor._contexts.pop(
+        portal.actor._drop_context(ctx)
-            (uid, ctx.cid),
-            None,
-        )
 
         # XXX revert to prior IPC-task-ctx scope
         _ctxvar_Context.reset(prior_ctx_tok)

tractor/ipc/_transport.py

@@ -499,6 +499,12 @@ class MsgpackTransport(MsgTransport):
             size: bytes = struct.pack("<I", len(bytes_data))
             try:
                 return await self.stream.send_all(size + bytes_data)
+            except trio.Cancelled:
+                # `send_all()` may have written a partial frame. The
+                # stream can not safely carry another framed msg.
+                with trio.CancelScope(shield=True):
+                    await self.stream.aclose()
+                raise
             except (
                 trio.BrokenResourceError,
                 trio.ClosedResourceError,

tractor/msg/ptr.py

@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ class NamespacePath(str):
     ) -> NamespacePath:
 
         fqnp: tuple[str, str] = cls._mk_fqnp(ref)
-        return cls(':'.join(fqnp))
+        nsp = cls(':'.join(fqnp))
+        nsp._ref = ref
+        return nsp
 
     def to_tuple(
         self,

tractor/runtime/_portal.py

@@ -379,6 +379,38 @@ class Portal:
 
             return False
 
+    async def _run_from_ns(
+        self,
+        namespace_path: str,
+        function_name: str,
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        cancel_on_startup: bool = True,
+    ) -> Any:
+        '''
+        Run a namespace target with local startup policy controls.
+
+        '''
+        nsf = NamespacePath(
+            f'{namespace_path}:{function_name}'
+        )
+        ctx: Context = await self.actor.start_remote_task(
+            chan=self.channel,
+            nsf=nsf,
+            kwargs=kwargs,
+            portal=self,
+            cancel_on_startup=cancel_on_startup,
+        )
+        try:
+            return await ctx._pld_rx.recv_pld(
+                ipc=ctx,
+                expect_msg=Return,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.actor._drop_context(ctx)
+            if not ctx._rx_chan._closed:
+                with trio.CancelScope(shield=True):
+                    await ctx._rx_chan.aclose()
+
     # TODO: do we still need this for low level `Actor`-runtime
     # method calls or can we also remove it?
     async def run_from_ns(
@@ -404,18 +436,10 @@ class Portal:
 
         '''
         __runtimeframe__: int = 1  # noqa
-        nsf = NamespacePath(
+        return await self._run_from_ns(
-            f'{namespace_path}:{function_name}'
+            namespace_path,
-        )
+            function_name,
-        ctx: Context = await self.actor.start_remote_task(
-            chan=self.channel,
-            nsf=nsf,
             kwargs=kwargs,
-            portal=self,
-        )
-        return await ctx._pld_rx.recv_pld(
-            ipc=ctx,
-            expect_msg=Return,
         )
 
     # TODO: factor this out into a `.highlevel` API-wrapper that uses

tractor/runtime/_rpc.py

@@ -879,10 +879,8 @@ async def _invoke(
             # don't pop the local context until we know the
             # associated child isn't in debug any more
             await debug.maybe_wait_for_debugger()
-            ctx: Context = actor._contexts.pop((
+            dropped_ctx: Context|None = actor._drop_context(ctx)
-                chan.aid.uid,
+            assert dropped_ctx is ctx
-                cid,
-            ))
 
             logmeth: Callable = log.runtime
             merr: Exception|None = ctx.maybe_error

tractor/runtime/_runtime.py

@@ -600,14 +600,21 @@ class Actor:
     # - cancel_rpc_tasks(),
     # - _cancel_task(),
     #
-    def _get_rpc_func(self, ns, funcname):
+    def _get_rpc_func(
+        self,
+        ns: str,
+        funcname: str,
+    ):
         '''
         Try to lookup and return a target RPC func from the
         post-fork enabled module set.
 
         '''
         try:
-            return getattr(self._mods[ns], funcname)
+            return getattr(
+                self._mods[ns],
+                funcname,
+            )
         except KeyError as err:
             mne = ModuleNotExposed(*err.args)
 
@@ -753,6 +760,23 @@ class Actor:
 
         return ctx
 
+    def _drop_context(
+        self,
+        ctx: Context,
+    ) -> Context|None:
+        '''
+        Remove `ctx` from this actor's IPC context registry.
+
+        Teardown paths can converge after normal return, cancellation
+        or startup failure, so registry removal is idempotent.
+
+        '''
+        peer_uid: tuple[str, str] = ctx.chan.aid.uid
+        return self._contexts.pop(
+            (peer_uid, ctx.cid),
+            None,
+        )
+
     async def start_remote_task(
         self,
         chan: Channel,
@@ -767,6 +791,7 @@ class Actor:
         allow_overruns: bool = False,
         load_nsf: bool = False,
         ack_timeout: float = float('inf'),
+        cancel_on_startup: bool = True,
 
     ) -> Context:
         '''
@@ -818,13 +843,17 @@ class Actor:
 
             f'{pretty_struct.pformat(msg)}'
         )
+        start_published: bool = False
+        try:
             await chan.send(msg)
+            start_published = True
 
             # NOTE wait on first `StartAck` response msg and validate;
             # this should be immediate and does not (yet) wait for the
             # remote child task to sync via `Context.started()`.
             with trio.fail_after(ack_timeout):
                 first_msg: msgtypes.StartAck = await ctx._rx_chan.receive()
+
             try:
                 functype: str = first_msg.functype
             except AttributeError:
@@ -836,9 +865,45 @@ class Actor:
                 'context',
             ):
                 raise ValueError(
-                f'Invalid `StartAck.functype: str = {first_msg!r}` ??'
+                    f'Invalid `StartAck.functype: str = '
+                    f'{first_msg!r}` ??'
                 )
 
+        except BaseException as startup_err:
+            with trio.CancelScope(shield=True):
+                # `MsgpackTransport.send()` closes its stream when
+                # cancellation interrupts the length-prefixed write
+                # because an unknown prefix may already be sent. A
+                # connected channel means cancellation happened before
+                # that write or after it completed, so `_cancel_task`
+                # is protocol-safe (and a no-op if `Start` was unsent).
+                if (
+                    cancel_on_startup
+                    and
+                    (
+                        start_published
+                        or (
+                            isinstance(startup_err, trio.Cancelled)
+                            and
+                            chan.connected()
+                        )
+                    )
+                ):
+                    try:
+                        await ctx.cancel()
+                    except BaseException as cancel_err:
+                        log.warning(
+                            'Failed to cancel RPC task during '
+                            'startup?\n'
+                            f'{cancel_err!r}\n'
+                        )
+
+                self._drop_context(ctx)
+                if not ctx._rx_chan._closed:
+                    await ctx._rx_chan.aclose()
+
+            raise
+
         ctx._remote_func_type = functype
         return ctx
 

tractor/runtime/_supervise.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ async def _try_cancel_then_kill(
     Sends a graceful actor-runtime cancel-RPC via
     `Portal.cancel_actor(raise_on_timeout=True)`. If the bounded-wait
     expires before the peer ack's, `ActorTooSlowError` is raised and
-    we escalate via `proc.terminate()` (SIGTERM) per SC-discipline:
+    we escalate via `proc.kill()` per SC-discipline:
 
       graceful cancel-req -> bounded wait -> hard-kill
 
@@ -102,11 +102,9 @@ async def _try_cancel_then_kill(
     the wider write-up.
 
     '''
-    # XXX, do NOT escalate to `proc.terminate()` while ANY of
+    # XXX, delay hard-kill escalation while any debugger guard
-    # the following are true — SIGTERM-ing a sub would tear
+    # below is active. Killing the sub immediately would tear down
-    # down its sub-tree including any descendant proxying
+    # its tree and clobber an actor proxying a REPL session:
-    # stdio to/from a REPL-locked actor, clobbering the user's
-    # debug session:
     #
     # - `Lock.ctx_in_debug is not None`: most precise — some
     #   actor in the tree is currently REPL-locked. Set in the
@@ -122,7 +120,7 @@ async def _try_cancel_then_kill(
     #   child.
     #
     # - `debug_mode_active`: this nursery has at least one
-    #   child started with an explicit `debug_mode=` arg
+    #   child started with an explicit `debug_mode=True` arg
     #   (`ActorNursery._at_least_one_child_in_debug`). Catches
     #   the case where root is NOT in debug-mode but a
     #   nursery-direct child opted in.
@@ -132,36 +130,57 @@ async def _try_cancel_then_kill(
     # mutated by per-child `debug_mode=True`). ORing covers
     # every flavor without false-positively skipping
     # legitimate hard-kill paths in non-debug trees.
-    if (
+    debug_protected: bool = (
         debug.Lock.ctx_in_debug is not None
         or
         _state._runtime_vars.get('_debug_mode', False)
         or
         debug_mode_active
-    ):
+    )
-        await portal.cancel_actor()
-        return
 
     try:
-        await portal.cancel_actor(raise_on_timeout=True)
+        cancelled: bool = await portal.cancel_actor(
+            raise_on_timeout=not debug_protected,
+        )
+        if not cancelled:
+            if debug_protected:
+                await debug.maybe_wait_for_debugger(
+                    child_in_debug=(
+                        debug_mode_active
+                        or
+                        debug.Lock.ctx_in_debug is not None
+                    ),
+                    header_msg=(
+                        'Delaying subproc hard-reap while '
+                        'debugger locked..\n'
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            peer_id: str = portal.channel.aid.reprol()
+            raise ActorTooSlowError(
+                f'Peer {peer_id} disconnected before '
+                f'acknowledging its `Actor.cancel()` RPC'
+            )
+
     except ActorTooSlowError as too_slow:
         log.error(
             f'Cancel-ack TIMED OUT for sub-actor\n'
             f'  uid: {subactor.aid.reprol()!r}\n'
             f'  reason: {too_slow}\n'
-            f'-> escalating to `proc.terminate()` (hard-kill)\n'
+            f'-> escalating to `proc.kill()` (hard-reap)\n'
         )
         # XXX, the `subint` backend stores an `int` interp-id in the
-        # `proc` slot (not a `Process`), so it has no `.terminate()`.
+        # `proc` slot (not a `Process`), so it has no `.kill()`.
         # Guard here so a cancel-ack timeout doesn't `AttributeError`
         # once that backend lands; its hard-kill path is a TODO.
-        if hasattr(proc, 'terminate'):
+        if hasattr(proc, 'kill'):
-            proc.terminate()
+            if proc.poll() is None:
+                proc.kill()
         else:
             log.error(
                 f'Cannot hard-kill sub-actor — backend proc-handle '
                 f'{proc!r} ({type(proc).__name__!r}) has no '
-                f'`.terminate()`!\n'
+                f'`.kill()`!\n'
                 f'  uid: {subactor.aid.reprol()!r}\n'
                 f'TODO: per-backend cancel-escalation.\n'
             )
@@ -220,6 +239,14 @@ class ActorNursery:
         ] = {}
 
         self._join_procs = trio.Event()
+        self._child_reap_requests: dict[
+            tuple[str, str],
+            trio.Event,
+        ] = {}
+        self._child_reaped: dict[
+            tuple[str, str],
+            trio.Event,
+        ] = {}
         self._at_least_one_child_in_debug: bool = False
         self.errors = errors
         self._scope_error: BaseException|None = None
@@ -284,6 +311,79 @@ class ActorNursery:
             # self._cancelled_caught
         )
 
+    def _register_child_reap(
+        self,
+        uid: tuple[str, str],
+    ) -> tuple[trio.Event, trio.Event]:
+        '''
+        Register a child monitor's process-reap events.
+
+        '''
+        reap_request = trio.Event()
+        reaped = trio.Event()
+        self._child_reap_requests[uid] = reap_request
+        self._child_reaped[uid] = reaped
+        if self._join_procs.is_set():
+            reap_request.set()
+        return reap_request, reaped
+
+    def _request_reap_all(self) -> None:
+        '''
+        Release every child monitor into its process-join phase.
+
+        '''
+        self._join_procs.set()
+        for reap_request in tuple(
+            self._child_reap_requests.values()
+        ):
+            reap_request.set()
+
+    def _mark_child_reaped(
+        self,
+        uid: tuple[str, str],
+    ) -> None:
+        '''
+        Publish completed child-process teardown to its waiter.
+
+        '''
+        self._children.pop(uid, None)
+        self._child_reap_requests.pop(uid, None)
+        reaped: trio.Event|None = self._child_reaped.pop(
+            uid,
+            None,
+        )
+        if reaped is not None:
+            reaped.set()
+
+    async def _cancel_and_reap_child(
+        self,
+        portal: Portal,
+    ) -> None:
+        '''
+        Cancel, join and unregister one nursery-owned child.
+
+        '''
+        uid: tuple[str, str] = portal.channel.aid.uid
+        child_entry = self._children.get(uid)
+        if child_entry is None:
+            return
+
+        subactor, proc, _ = child_entry
+        reap_request: trio.Event = self._child_reap_requests[uid]
+        reaped: trio.Event = self._child_reaped[uid]
+
+        with trio.CancelScope(shield=True):
+            try:
+                await _try_cancel_then_kill(
+                    portal,
+                    proc,
+                    subactor,
+                    self._at_least_one_child_in_debug,
+                )
+            finally:
+                reap_request.set()
+                await reaped.wait()
+
     async def start_actor(
         self,
         name: str,
@@ -333,7 +433,7 @@ class ActorNursery:
         # allow setting debug policy per actor
         if debug_mode is not None:
             _rtv['_debug_mode'] = debug_mode
-            self._at_least_one_child_in_debug = True
+            self._at_least_one_child_in_debug |= debug_mode
 
         enable_modules = list(enable_modules or [])
         proc_kwargs = dict(proc_kwargs or {})
@@ -484,7 +584,7 @@ class ActorNursery:
 
         # TODO: impl a repr for spawn more compact
         # then `._children`..
-        children: dict = self._children
+        children: tuple = tuple(self._children.values())
         child_count: int = len(children)
         msg: str = f'Cancelling actor nursery with {child_count} children\n'
 
@@ -503,7 +603,7 @@ class ActorNursery:
                     subactor,
                     proc,
                     portal,
-                ) in children.values():
+                ) in children:
 
                     # TODO: are we ever even going to use this or
                     # is the spawning backend responsible for such
@@ -523,7 +623,9 @@ class ActorNursery:
                             await event.wait()
 
                             # channel/portal should now be up
-                            _, _, portal = children[subactor.aid.uid]
+                            _, _, portal = self._children[
+                                subactor.aid.uid
+                            ]
 
                             # XXX should be impossible to get here
                             # unless method was called from within
@@ -570,14 +672,14 @@ class ActorNursery:
                 subactor,
                 proc,
                 portal,
-            ) in children.values():
+                ) in children:
                 log.warning(f"Hard killing process {proc}")
                 proc.terminate()
         else:
             self._cancelled_caught
 
         # mark ourselves as having (tried to have) cancelled all subactors
-        self._join_procs.set()
+        self._request_reap_all()
 
 
 @acm
@@ -639,7 +741,7 @@ async def _open_and_supervise_one_cancels_all_nursery(
                         'Waiting on subactors to complete:\n'
                         f'>}} {len(an._children)}\n'
                     )
-                    an._join_procs.set()
+                    an._request_reap_all()
 
                 except BaseException as _inner_err:
                     inner_err = _inner_err
@@ -658,7 +760,7 @@ async def _open_and_supervise_one_cancels_all_nursery(
                     # if the caller's scope errored then we activate our
                     # one-cancels-all supervisor strategy (don't
                     # worry more are coming).
-                    an._join_procs.set()
+                    an._request_reap_all()
 
                     # XXX NOTE XXX: hypothetically an error could
                     # be raised and then a cancel signal shows up

tractor/spawn/_mp.py

@@ -170,13 +170,16 @@ async def mp_proc(
         # any process we may have started.
 
         portal = Portal(chan)
+        reap_request, _ = actor_nursery._register_child_reap(
+            subactor.aid.uid,
+        )
         actor_nursery._children[subactor.aid.uid] = (subactor, proc, portal)
 
         # unblock parent task
         task_status.started(portal)
 
-        # wait for ``ActorNursery`` block to signal that
+        # wait for this child or its `ActorNursery` to signal that
-        # subprocesses can be waited upon.
+        # the subprocess can be joined.
         # This is required to ensure synchronization
         # with user code that may want to manually await results
         # from nursery spawned sub-actors. We don't want the
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ async def mp_proc(
         # nursery block closes do we allow subactor results to be
         # awaited and reported upwards to the supervisor.
         with trio.CancelScope(shield=True):
-            await actor_nursery._join_procs.wait()
+            await reap_request.wait()
 
         async with trio.open_nursery() as nursery:
             if portal in actor_nursery._cancel_after_result_on_exit:

tractor/spawn/_spawn.py

@@ -446,6 +446,7 @@ async def new_proc(
     # mark the new actor with the global spawn method
     subactor._spawn_method = _spawn_method
 
+    try:
         await target(
             name,
             actor_nursery,
@@ -458,6 +459,8 @@ async def new_proc(
             task_status=task_status,
             proc_kwargs=proc_kwargs
         )
+    finally:
+        actor_nursery._mark_child_reaped(subactor.aid.uid)
 
 
 # NOTE: bottom-of-module to avoid a circular import since the

tractor/spawn/_trio.py

@@ -161,6 +161,9 @@ async def trio_proc(
         assert proc
 
         portal = Portal(chan)
+        reap_request, _ = actor_nursery._register_child_reap(
+            subactor.aid.uid,
+        )
         actor_nursery._children[subactor.aid.uid] = (
             subactor,
             proc,
@@ -191,9 +194,10 @@ async def trio_proc(
         # resume caller at next checkpoint now that child is up
         task_status.started(portal)
 
-        # wait for ActorNursery.wait() to be called
+        # wait for this child or its `ActorNursery` to request
+        # process joining.
         with trio.CancelScope(shield=True):
-            await actor_nursery._join_procs.wait()
+            await reap_request.wait()
 
         async with trio.open_nursery() as nursery:
             if portal in actor_nursery._cancel_after_result_on_exit:

tractor/to_actor/__init__.py

@@ -22,12 +22,18 @@ Adopts the "run it over there" parlance from analogous
 `anyio.to_process` but for SC-supervised actors: spawn (or
 reuse) a subactor, schedule a single remote task, wait on
 its result and (when the call owns the subactor) reap it.
+Target arguments follow Trio's positional convention; use
+`functools.partial()` to bind target keyword arguments.
 
 The "spiritual successor" to (and eventual replacement of)
 the `ActorNursery.run_in_actor()` API; see
 https://github.com/goodboy/tractor/issues/477
 
 '''
+from . import _api as _api
 from ._api import (
     run as run,
 )
+
+
+MODULE: str = _api.__name__

tractor/to_actor/_api.py

@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ the lower level daemon-actor spawn + portal APIs,
 
 - `ActorNursery.start_actor()` for (daemon-style) subactor
   spawning,
-- `Portal.run()` for scheduling the lone remote task and
+- `Portal.open_context()` for scheduling the lone remote
-  waiting on its result,
+  task with linked cancellation and waiting on its result,
 - `Portal.cancel_actor()` for reaping the subactor once
   that result (or error) arrives,
 
@@ -36,13 +36,24 @@ spawn-machinery nurseries as with the (to be deprecated)
 
 '''
 from __future__ import annotations
+import functools
 import inspect
 from typing import (
     Any,
+    Awaitable,
     Callable,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
+    TypeVar,
+    TypeVarTuple,
+    Unpack,
 )
 
+from .._context import (
+    Context,
+    context,
+)
+from ..msg.ptr import NamespacePath
+from ..runtime._state import current_actor
 from ..runtime._supervise import (
     ActorNursery,
     open_nursery,
@@ -53,6 +64,10 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ..runtime._portal import Portal
 
 
+ArgsT = TypeVarTuple('ArgsT')
+RetT = TypeVar('RetT')
+
+
 def _validate_one_shot_fn(
     fn: Callable,
 ) -> None:
@@ -60,7 +75,7 @@ def _validate_one_shot_fn(
     Ensure `fn` is a non-streaming async function, raise
     a `TypeError` otherwise.
 
-    The same constraint enforced by `Portal.run()` but
+    The same constraint enforced by `Portal.open_context()` but
     checked up-front, BEFORE any subactor is spawned.
 
     '''
@@ -79,18 +94,127 @@ def _validate_one_shot_fn(
         )
 
 
+def _normalize_call(
+    fn: Callable,
+    args: tuple[Any, ...],
+) -> tuple[
+    Callable,
+    tuple[Any, ...],
+    dict[str, Any],
+]:
+    '''
+    Normalize Trio-style positional and partial-bound arguments.
+
+    Actor calls must send a namespace-addressable base function and
+    serializable inputs to another process, so decompose partials and
+    validate their complete call signature before runtime startup.
+
+    '''
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    while isinstance(fn, functools.partial):
+        partial_args: tuple[Any, ...] = fn.args
+
+        # `functools.Placeholder` was added in Python 3.14. Drop
+        # this `getattr()` guard once 3.14 is the minimum version.
+        placeholder = getattr(
+            functools,
+            'Placeholder',
+            None,
+        )
+        if (
+            placeholder is not None
+            and
+            any(
+                arg is placeholder
+                for arg in partial_args
+            )
+        ):
+            call_args = iter(args)
+            merged_args: list[Any] = []
+            for arg in partial_args:
+                if arg is placeholder:
+                    try:
+                        arg = next(call_args)
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            'Not enough positional arguments to '
+                            'fill `functools.Placeholder`s'
+                        ) from None
+
+                merged_args.append(arg)
+
+            merged_args.extend(call_args)
+            args = tuple(merged_args)
+        else:
+            args = partial_args + args
+
+        partial_kwargs = dict(fn.keywords or {})
+        partial_kwargs.update(kwargs)
+        kwargs = partial_kwargs
+        fn = fn.func
+
+    _validate_one_shot_fn(fn)
+    inspect.signature(fn).bind(*args, **kwargs)
+    return fn, args, kwargs
+
+
+@context
+async def _invoke_one_shot(
+    ctx: Context,
+    namespace: str,
+    funcname: str,
+    args: list[Any],
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+) -> Any:
+    '''
+    Invoke an ordinary async function inside a linked IPC context.
+
+    '''
+    # Do not use `NamespacePath.load_ref()` here: target resolution
+    # must remain behind the actor's RPC module allowlist.
+    fn: Callable = current_actor()._get_rpc_func(
+        namespace,
+        funcname,
+    )
+    _validate_one_shot_fn(fn)
+    await ctx.started()
+    return await fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+async def _invoke_from_portal(
+    portal: Portal,
+    fn: Callable,
+    args: tuple[Any, ...],
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+) -> Any:
+    '''
+    Run `fn` through the context-linked one-shot endpoint.
+
+    '''
+    namespace, funcname = NamespacePath.from_ref(fn).to_tuple()
+    async with portal.open_context(
+        _invoke_one_shot,
+        namespace=namespace,
+        funcname=funcname,
+        args=list(args),
+        kwargs=kwargs,
+    ) as (ctx, _):
+        return await ctx.wait_for_result()
+
+
 async def _invoke_in_subactor(
     an: ActorNursery,
     fn: Callable,
+    args: tuple[Any, ...],
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any],
     name: str,
     spawn_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
-    fn_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
 ) -> Any:
     '''
     Spawn a (daemon) subactor via `an.start_actor()`,
-    schedule `fn` as its lone remote task via
+    schedule `fn` as its context-linked lone remote task and,
-    `Portal.run()` and, ALWAYS, reap the subactor once
+    ALWAYS, reap the subactor once that task's result (or error)
-    that task's result (or error) has been delivered.
+    has been delivered.
 
     '''
     portal: Portal = await an.start_actor(
@@ -98,23 +222,22 @@ async def _invoke_in_subactor(
         **spawn_kwargs,
     )
     try:
-        return await portal.run(
+        return await _invoke_from_portal(
+            portal,
             fn,
-            **fn_kwargs,
+            args,
+            kwargs,
         )
     finally:
-        # one-shot semantics: the subactor's lifetime is
+        # Cancel and join this child before returning. The nursery
-        # bound to its lone task's completion; the
+        # helper shields teardown, escalates a missed cancel ack and
-        # cancel-req's bounded wait is shielded
+        # waits for the child monitor to remove its process record.
-        # internally (see `Portal.cancel_actor()`) so
+        await an._cancel_and_reap_child(portal)
-        # this reap also runs when the caller's scope
-        # was itself cancelled.
-        await portal.cancel_actor()
 
 
 async def run(
-    fn: Callable,
+    fn: Callable[[Unpack[ArgsT]], Awaitable[RetT]],
-    *,
+    *args: Unpack[ArgsT],
 
     # actor "placement": reuse an already-running peer
     # via its `portal`, spawn a fresh subactor from
@@ -142,15 +265,21 @@ async def run(
     # when NO `an`/`portal` is provided.
     runtime_kwargs: dict[str, Any]|None = None,
 
-    **fn_kwargs,  # explicit (keyword) args to `fn`
+) -> RetT:
-
-) -> Any:
     '''
-    Run the async `fn` as the lone task in a (new)
+    Run the async `fn(*args)` as the lone task in a (new)
-    subactor, block waiting on its result and return it;
+    subactor, block waiting on its result and return it; the
-    the distributed-parallelism equivalent of
+    distributed-parallelism equivalent of
     `trio.to_thread.run_sync()`.
 
+    As with Trio's API, target arguments are positional. Use
+    `functools.partial()` to bind target keyword arguments; all
+    keyword arguments accepted here configure actor placement or
+    spawning. A caller-supplied `portal` must address an actor started
+    with both `tractor.to_actor.MODULE` and the target function's
+    module in its `enable_modules` list. Calls that spawn their own
+    actor add the trampoline module automatically.
+
     Unlike `ActorNursery.run_in_actor()` (which returns
     a `Portal` whose result is only collected at
     actor-nursery teardown) this is a plain "call and
@@ -163,7 +292,7 @@ async def run(
 
     '''
     __runtimeframe__: int = 1  # noqa
-    _validate_one_shot_fn(fn)
+    fn, args, kwargs = _normalize_call(fn, args)
 
     if (
         runtime_kwargs
@@ -186,15 +315,22 @@ async def run(
                 'Pass at most ONE of `portal` or `an`, '
                 'not both!'
             )
-        return await portal.run(
+        return await _invoke_from_portal(
+            portal,
             fn,
-            **fn_kwargs,
+            args,
+            kwargs,
         )
 
     name: str = name or fn.__name__
     spawn_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = dict(
         enable_modules=(
-            [fn.__module__]
+            [
+                # The public `to_actor.MODULE` alias is only for
+                # callers configuring an existing actor.
+                __name__,
+                fn.__module__,
+            ]
             +
             (enable_modules or [])
         ),
@@ -209,18 +345,21 @@ async def run(
         return await _invoke_in_subactor(
             an,
             fn,
+            args,
+            kwargs,
             name,
             spawn_kwargs,
-            fn_kwargs,
         )
 
+    an: ActorNursery
     async with open_nursery(
         **(runtime_kwargs or {}),
     ) as an:
         return await _invoke_in_subactor(
             an,
             fn,
+            args,
+            kwargs,
             name,
             spawn_kwargs,
-            fn_kwargs,
         )